{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:10:45Z","timestamp":1772835045697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]],"date-time":"2012-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/PolicyAndEthics\/PublishingPolicies"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]],"date-time":"2012-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/license\/TDM_Licenser.pdf"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MSF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metakaolin (MK) is nowadays a well-known pozzolanic material used in cement-based materials. Its benefits are related to its great pozzolanic reactivity when compared with some others pozzolanic materials, like fly ash or ground-granulated blast furnace slag. When MK reacts with calcium hydroxide, cementitious products are formed. It is known that the main phases produced during its pozzolanic reaction at ambient temperature are calcium silicate hydrates (CSH), stratlingite (C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>ASH<jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>) and calcium aluminate hydrate (C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>AH<jats:sub>13<\/jats:sub>). However, in literature there are several discrepancies regarding these phases stability, namely the transformation of stratlingite and C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>AH<jats:sub>13 <\/jats:sub>into hydrogarnet (C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>AH<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>) at long term. The consequences of that instability are a reduction in the porosity and a loss of microstructural strength that can induce a complete material degradation. The MK is a material with great potential in Portugal, since there is a large abundance of kaolinitic clays, however its development is not yet achieved. In order to answer this demand a research project was initiated with the aim of optimizing the production of MK in Portugal and enhancing the durability of aerial calcitic lime mortars, to be mainly used in conservation and restoration of historical buildings. With the objective of studying the compounds formed in lime\/MK and their stability during time, we have prepared different lime\/MK ratio pastes (molar ratios). These lime\/MK pastes were stored at saturated conditions (RH &gt; 95%) and 23 \u00b1 2 \u00b0C temperature being analysed at several ages by TGA-DTA, XRD and SEM-EDS. In this paper the results obtained are presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/msf.730-732.135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]],"date-time":"2012-11-12T11:00:38Z","timestamp":1352718038000},"page":"135-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phase and Microstructural Characterization of Lime-MK Blended Mixes"],"prefix":"10.4028","volume":"730-732","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gameiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Civil Engineering"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Civil Engineering"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Civil Engineering"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Velosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro"}]}],"member":"2457","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1770949","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Shvarzman, K. Kovler, G.S. Grader, G.E. Shter, The effect of dehydroxylation\/amorphization degree on pozzolanic activity o kaolinite, Cement and Concrete Research. 33 (2003) 405-416.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-8846(02)00975-4"},{"key":"1770950","unstructured":"M.A. Taher, A.Y. El-Sayed, O.A. Farghaly and M.R. Shatat, Pysichochemical Properties of Metakaolin-Lime Pastes at Different Calcination Temperatures of Kaolinite Clay, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2000) 51-59."},{"key":"1770951","unstructured":"A. Gameiro, A. Santos Silva, R. Veiga, A. Velosa: Metakaolin-Lime hydration products and phase stability: A microscopy analysis; In: Proceedings of the 13th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials; Submitted for publishing."},{"key":"1770952","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Bakolas, E. Aggelakopoulou, A. Moropoulou, S. Anagnostopoulou, Evaluation of pozzolanic activity and physico-mechanical characteristics in metakaolin-lime pastes. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. Vol. 84 1 (2006) 157-163.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-005-7262-y"},{"key":"1770953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mo\u00eds\u00e9s Fr\u00edas Rojas, Study of hydrated phases present in a MK-lime system cured at 60\u00baC and 60 months of reaction, Cement and Concrete Research. 36 (2006) 827-831.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.01.001"},{"key":"1770954","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mo\u00eds\u00e9s Fr\u00edas Rojas, Joseph Cabrera: The effect of temperature on the hydration rate and stability of the hydration phases of metakaolin-lime-water systems, Cement and Concrete Research. 32 (2003) 133-138.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-8846(01)00642-1"},{"key":"1770955","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Aguilar-Sepulcre, F. Hern\u00e1ndez-Olivares, Assessment of phase formation in lime-based mortars wih added metakaolin, Portland cement and sepiolite, for grouting of historic mansory, Cement and Concrete Research. 40 (2010) 66-70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.08.028"},{"key":"1770956","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. A. Bernal, L. J., Provis, Volker Rose, R. M. Gut\u00ederrez, Evolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends Cement and Concrete Composites. 33 (2011) 46-54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.004"},{"key":"1770957","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph Cabrera, Mois\u00e9s Fr\u00edas, Influence of MK on the reaction kinetics in MK\/lime and MK-blended cement systems at 20\u00b0C. Cement and Concrete Research 31 (2001) 519-527.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-8846(00)00465-8"},{"key":"1770958","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.S. De Silva, F.G. Glasser, Hydration of cements based on MK, Thermochemistry. Adv. Cem. Res. 4 (16) (1992) 167-178.","DOI":"10.1680\/adcr.1992.4.16.167"},{"key":"1770959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Donatello, M. Tyrer, C.R. Cheeseman, Comparison of test methods to assess pozzolanic activity. Cement & Concrete Composites 32 (2010) 121-127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.008"},{"key":"1770960","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Garc\u00eda, R. V. de la Villa, O. Rodr\u00edguez, M. Fr\u00edas, Mineral phases formation on the pozzolan\/lime\/water system. Applied Clay Science 43 (2009) 331-335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.09.013"},{"key":"1770961","unstructured":"S. M. Mohamed, Effect of temperature on hydration kinetics and stability of hydration phases of metakaolin-lime sludge-silica fume system. Ceramics-Silik\u00e1ty 49(4) (2005) 225-229."},{"key":"1770962","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poon, C. S., Lam, L., Kou, C.S., Wong, Y.L., Wong, Ron, Rate of pozzolanic reaction in high-performance cement pastes. 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