{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:04:30Z","timestamp":1790337870904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"AACN Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanide causes intracellular hypoxia by reversibly binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase a3. Signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning usually occur less than 1 minute after inhalation and within a few minutes after ingestion. Early manifestations include anxiety, headache, giddiness, inability to focus the eyes, and mydriasis. As hypoxia progresses, progressively lower levels of consciousness, seizures, and coma can occur. Skin may look normal or slightly ashen, and arterial oxygen saturation may be normal. Early respiratory signs include transient rapid and deep respirations. As poisoning progresses, hemodynamic status may become unstable. The key treatment is early administration of 1 of the 2 antidotes currently available in the United States: the well-known cyanide antidote kit and hydroxocobalamin. Hydroxocobalamin detoxifies cyanide by binding with it to form the renally excreted, non-toxic cyanocobalamin. Because it binds with cyanide without forming methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin can be used to treat patients without compromising the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2011799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,2]],"date-time":"2011-02-02T04:54:47Z","timestamp":1296622487000},"page":"72-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["A Review of Acute Cyanide Poisoning With a Treatment Update"],"prefix":"10.4037","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jillian","family":"Hamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"When this article was written, Jillian Hamel was a nurse practitioner in cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2471","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2019112604214244300_b1-0310072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650600811870","article-title":"Prehospital 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FDA news: FDA approves drug to treat cyanide poisoning. US Food and Drug Administration Web site. www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/2006\/ucm108807.htm. Published December 15, 2006. Updated June 18, 2009. Accessed October 29, 2010."},{"key":"2019112604214244300_b17-0310072","unstructured":"Cyanokit [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies Inc. http:\/\/www.cyanokit.com\/pdf\/cyanokit_pi.pdf. 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