{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:26:56Z","timestamp":1787030816141,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"AACN Publishing","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, hospital costs, and postdischarge cognitive dysfunction. Most research focuses on nontrauma patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence and predictors of delirium in trauma patients residing in intensive and intermediate care units of an academic medical center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma patients were screened for delirium by using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Exclusion criteria included documented brain injury, history of psychosis or cognitive impairment, not speaking English, and hearing or vision loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 215 study patients, 24% were positive for delirium; 36% of patients in the intensive care unit and 11% of patients in the intermediate care unit. Delirium-positive patients were older (mean age, 53.4 years) than patients who were not (mean age, 44 years; P = .004). Although mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 4.73, P = .004) was the strongest independent risk factor for delirium, 12% of delirium-positive patients were not receiving mechanical ventilation. Other predictors of delirium were use of antipsychotic medications, higher scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III, and lower scores on the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients in both the intermediate and intensive care units, whether mechanical ventilation was used or not, were positive for delirium. Delirium prevention protocols may benefit trauma patients regardless of their inpatient location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2017373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T04:15:10Z","timestamp":1485922510000},"page":"40-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Delirium in Trauma Patients: Prevalence and Predictors"],"prefix":"10.4037","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kathryn T.","family":"Von Rueden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathryn T. Von Rueden is an associate professor in the trauma, critical care, emergency department adult-gerontology ACNP\/CNS\/DNP program, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breighanna","family":"Wallizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breighanna Wallizer is an acute care nurse practitioner in the orthopedics department, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul Thurman is a clinical nurse specialist at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"McQuillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen McQuillan is a clinical nurse specialist at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tiffany Andrews is adjunct faculty at the University of Maryland School of Nursing and a senior nurse practitioner in the emergency department, University of Maryland Medical Center."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Merenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jennifer Merenda is the director of clinical operations, The University of Maryland Rehabilitation and Orthopaedic Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heesook","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heesook Son is an assistant professor in Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2471","reference":[{"key":"2019112601081729300_b1-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x","article-title":"Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019112601081729300_b2-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f85759","article-title":"Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients","volume":"38","author":"Shehabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2019112601081729300_b3-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019112601081729300_b4-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000145587.16421.BB","article-title":"The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019112601081729300_b5-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0687-y","article-title":"Motoric subtypes of delirium in mechanically ventilated surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients","volume":"33","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2019112601081729300_b6-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0537OC","article-title":"Days of delirium are associated with the 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population","volume":"189","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2019112601081729300_b7-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.14.1657","article-title":"Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up","volume":"165","author":"Leslie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019112601081729300_b8-0370040","first-page":"375","article-title":"Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients","volume":"9","author":"Ely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019112601081729300_b9-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819ffe38","article-title":"The impact of delirium on clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated surgical patients and trauma patients","volume":"37","author":"Lat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b10-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium","volume":"33","author":"Ouimet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019112601081729300_b11-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052321","article-title":"Delirium in older persons","volume":"354","author":"Inouye","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019112601081729300_b12-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2002.122273","article-title":"Missed delirium in older emergency department patients: a quality-of-care problem","volume":"39","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019112601081729300_b13-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905031000149542","article-title":"Acute confusion following traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Nakase-Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019112601081729300_b14-0370040","first-page":"R77","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium in the intensive care patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Rompaey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b15-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000625","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU","volume":"43","author":"Zaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019112601081729300_b16-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NERV.0000028080.39602.17","article-title":"The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature","volume":"14","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b17-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients","volume":"65","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019112601081729300_b18-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2003.12.027","article-title":"Admission characteristics of trauma patients in whom delirium develops","volume":"187","author":"Blondell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019112601081729300_b19-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481107700524","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium in trauma patients: the impact of ethanol use and lack of insurance","volume":"77","author":"Branco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019112601081729300_b20-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.037","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium after major trauma","volume":"196","author":"Angles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019112601081729300_b21-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000427","article-title":"Risk factors for delirium in older trauma patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit","volume":"77","author":"Bryczkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"2019112601081729300_b22-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20101","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"76","author":"Bruns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019112601081729300_b23-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system","volume":"13","author":"Knaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019112601081729300_b24-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.6.1619","article-title":"APACHE III prognostic system: risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized patients","volume":"100","author":"Knaus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019112601081729300_b25-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199908000-00017","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in intensive care unit trauma patients: a multicenter study of APACHE, TRISS and a 24-hour intensive unit point system","volume":"47","author":"Vassar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"21","key":"2019112601081729300_b26-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019112601081729300_b27-0370040","unstructured":"ICU Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Study Group. Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU): The Complete Training Manual. http:\/\/www.icudelirium.org\/docs\/CAM_ICU_training.pdf. Published 2002. Updated March 2014. Accessed October 24, 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019112601081729300_b28-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318181b8f6","article-title":"An analgesia-delirium sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay","volume":"65","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b29-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822e9fc9","article-title":"Delirium in critically ill patients: impact on long-term health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning","volume":"40","author":"Van Den Boogaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019112601081729300_b30-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a645bd","article-title":"Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation","volume":"42","author":"Brummel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019112601081729300_b31-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R375","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3729","article-title":"Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients","volume":"9","author":"Thomason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b32-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019112601081729300_b33-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00002-2","article-title":"Dignosis, prognosis and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019112601081729300_b34-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31827e1b69","article-title":"Effects of routine monitoring of delirium in a surgical\/trauma intensive care unit","volume":"74","author":"Bigatello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019112601081729300_b35-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a00118","article-title":"Comparison of delirium assessment tools in a mixed intensive care unit","volume":"37","author":"Van Eijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2019112601081729300_b36-0370040","unstructured":"American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. AACN Practice Alert: Assessment and Managementof Delirium Across the Life Span. October2016. http:\/\/www.aacn.org\/~\/media\/aacn-website\/clincial-resources\/practice-alerts\/delirium2016practicealert.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b37-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2015423","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions to prevent delirium: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Rivosecchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112601081729300_b38-0370040","first-page":"18","article-title":"Delirium in critical care patients","volume":"11","author":"Laske","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs2016 Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019112601081729300_b39-0370040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000129","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of the awakening and breathing coordination, delirium monitoring\/management, and early exercise\/mobility (ABCDE) bundle","volume":"42","author":"Balas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Nurse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/aacnjournals.org\/ccnonline\/article-pdf\/37\/1\/40\/115434\/40.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/aacnjournals.org\/ccnonline\/article-pdf\/37\/1\/40\/115434\/40.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T05:09:50Z","timestamp":1601528990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aacnjournals.org\/ccnonline\/article\/37\/1\/40\/3663\/Delirium-in-Trauma-Patients-Prevalence-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2017373","relation":{},"ISSN":["0279-5442","1940-8250"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0279-5442","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-8250","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}}}