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We identified a subset of CD4+ T cells defined by secretion of IL-3 that was induced by Ag stimulation under conditions different from those associated with previously defined functional subsets. Using mouse models of bacterial and viral infections, we showed that IL-3\u2013secreting CD4+ T cells were generated by infection at the skin and mucosa but not by infections introduced directly into the blood. Most IL-3\u2013producing T cells coexpressed GM-CSF and other cytokines that define multifunctionality. Generation of IL-3\u2013secreting T cells in vitro was dependent on IL-1 family cytokines and was inhibited by cytokines that induce canonical Th1 or Th2 cells. Our results identify IL-3\u2013secreting CD4+ T cells as a potential functional subset that arises during priming of naive T cells in specific tissue locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T21:55:11Z","timestamp":1558043711000},"page":"161-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Generation of IL-3\u2013Secreting CD4+ T Cells by Microbial Challenge at Skin and Mucosal Barriers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Shajo","family":"Kunnath-Velayudhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj K","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony W","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Johndrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi Alejandra","family":"Saavedra-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 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C","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregoire","family":"Lauvau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY 10461"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"William R","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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