{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:16:42Z","timestamp":1790720202714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1377,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IgA is the most abundant Ab in the human body. However, most patients with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) are asymptomatic. IgM, and to lesser extent IgG Abs, are generally presumed to compensate for the lack of IgA in SIgAD by multiplying and adopting functions of IgA. We used data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 to investigate whether SIgAD patients have differences in levels of natural Abs to oxidized epitopes compared with 20 randomly selected healthy controls. First, we screened the saliva and serum samples from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 cohort (n \u00a0= 1610) for IgA concentration. We detected five IgA-deficient subjects, yielding a prevalence of 0.3%, which is consistent with the general prevalence of 0.25% in the Finnish population. To detect natural Abs, we used malondialdehyde acetaldehyde\u2013low-density lipoprotein (MAA\u2013LDL), an Ag known to bind natural Abs. In this study, we show that natural secretory IgM and IgG Abs to MAA\u2013DL were significantly increased in subjects with SIgAD. Given that secretory IgA is an important part of mucosal immune defense and that, in the gut microbiota, dysbiosis with SIgAD patients has been observed, we characterized the oral bacterial microbiota of the subjects with and without SIgAD using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found no significant alterations in diversity and composition of the oral microbiota in subjects with SIgAD. Our data suggest that increased levels of secretory natural Abs in patients with SIgAD could be a compensatory mechanism, providing alternative first-line defense against infections and adjusting mucosal milieu to maintain a healthy oral microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2100014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T13:25:30Z","timestamp":1619184330000},"page":"170-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Compensatory IgM to the Rescue: Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency Have Increased Natural IgM Antibodies to MAA\u2013LDL and No Changes in Oral Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Miia A","family":"Mella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Lavrinienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramin","family":"Akhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Hindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti E","family":"Nissinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5569-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arja","family":"Kullaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuula","family":"Salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Auvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne J","family":"Koskim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2118-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohvi","family":"H\u00f6rkk\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu , Oulu ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010703474325400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00872","article-title":"Defining natural antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Holodick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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