{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T20:12:30Z","timestamp":1767211950760,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":706,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular pathogen, induces a strong immune response in the infected host. In the encephalitis model of infection, long-term protective immunity is mediated by CD8 T cells, with the CD4 T cell population providing important help. Most of the immune studies have used a 10- to 20-cyst dose of T. gondii, which leads to T cell dysfunctionality during the late phase of chronic infection and increases the chances of reactivation. In the current study, we compared the immune response of mice orally infected with either 2 or 10 cysts of T. gondii. During the acute phase, we demonstrate that the lower dose of infection generates a reduced number of CD4 and CD8 T cells, but the frequency of functional CD4 or CD8 T cells is similar in animals infected with two different doses. However, Ag-experienced T cells (both CD4 and CD8) are better maintained in lower dose\u2013infected mice at 8 wk postinfection, with an increase number functional cells that exhibit lower multiple inhibitory receptor expression. In addition to better long-term T cell immunity, animals infected with a lower dose display reduced inflammation manifested by lesser Ag-specific T cell and cytokine responses during the very early stage of the acute infection. Our studies suggest a previously unappreciated role of dose-dependent early programming\/imprinting of the long-term CD4\/CD8 T cell response during T. gondii infection. These observations point to the need for an in-depth analysis of how early events shape long-term immunity against this pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2300006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T14:11:17Z","timestamp":1678284677000},"page":"177-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Lower Dose of Infection Generates a Better Long-Term Immune Response against <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7268-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali M","family":"Moretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Meador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0663-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtiaz A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010703544962800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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