{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:38:51Z","timestamp":1789421931117,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":678,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS that is linked with both genetic and environmental factors. A Western-style diet rich in fat and simple sugars is hypothesized as a potential factor contributing to the increased incidence of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as MS, in developed countries. Although the adverse effects of a high-fat diet in MS have been studied extensively, the effect of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) on MS etiology is unknown. We hypothesized that an FRD will alter the gut microbiome, influence immune populations, and negatively impact disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. To test this, we fed C57BL\/6 mice either an FRD or normal feed for 4 or 12 wk and analyzed the effect of an FRD on gut microbiota, immune populations, and EAE. An FRD significantly influenced the gut microbiota, with reduced abundance of beneficial bacteria and enrichment of potentially proinflammatory bacteria. We also observed immune modulation in the gut and periphery. Of particular interest was a population of Helios\u2212ROR\u03b3t+Foxp3+CD4+ T cells that was enriched in the small intestine lamina propria of FRD-fed mice. However, despite gut microbiota and immune modulations, we observed only a subtle effect of an FRD on EAE severity. Overall, our data suggest that in C57Bl6\/J mice, an FRD modulates the gut microbiota and immune system without significantly impacting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35\u201355\/CFA-induced EAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2300008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1679320684000},"page":"213-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effect of a Fructose-Rich Diet on Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulation: Potential Factors for Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stephanie R","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soham","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L","family":"Shrode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh K","family":"Mangalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA"},{"name":"Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City"},{"name":"Iowa City VA Health System , Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010703550730500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30443-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of multiple sclerosis 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2025010703550730500_r2","first-page":"352","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: new aspects of immunopathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Lazibat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. 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