{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:56:10Z","timestamp":1791284170881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":189,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The critical importance of the thymus for generating new naive T cells that protect against novel infections and are tolerant to self-antigens has led to a recent revival of interest in monitoring thymic function in species other than humans and mice. Nonhuman primates such as rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide particularly useful animal models for translational research in immunology. In this study, we tested the performance of a 15-marker multicolor Ab panel for flow cytometric phenotyping of lymphocyte subsets directly from rhesus whole blood, with validation by thymectomy and T cell depletion. Immunohistochemical and multiplex RNA expression analysis of thymus tissue biopsies and molecular assays on PBMCs were used to further validate thymus function. Results identify Ab panels that can accurately classify rhesus naive T cells (CD3+CD45RA+CD197+ or CD3+CD28+CD95\u2212) and recent thymic emigrants (CD8+CD28+CD95\u2212CD103+CD197+) using just 100 \u00b5l of whole blood and commercially available fluorescent Abs. An immunohistochemical panel reactive with pan-cytokeratin (CK), CK14, CD3, Ki-67, CCL21, and TdT provides histologic evidence of thymopoiesis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thymus tissues. Identification of mRNAs characteristic of both functioning thymic epithelial cells and developing thymocytes and\/or molecular detection of products of TCR gene rearrangement provide additional complementary methods to evaluate thymopoiesis, without requiring specific Abs. Combinations of multiparameter flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, multiplex gene expression, and TCR excision circle assays can comprehensively evaluate thymus function in rhesus macaques while requiring only minimal amounts of peripheral blood or biopsied thymus tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2300112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T19:26:23Z","timestamp":1721244383000},"page":"500-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive Flow Cytometric, Immunohistologic, and Molecular Assessment of Thymus Function in Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Laura P","family":"Hale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5297-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew N","family":"Macintyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn E","family":"Bowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Kwun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Theriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010608555044800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676236","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676236","article-title":"Age-related changes in thymic central tolerance","volume":"12","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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