{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:13:36Z","timestamp":1777482816146,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":158,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Patients with long COVID can develop humoral autoimmunity after severe acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, whether similar increases in autoantibody responses occur after mild infection and whether vaccination prior to SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection can limit autoantibody responses is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that mild SARS-CoV-2 infection increases autoantibodies associated with rheumatic autoimmune diseases and diabetes in most individuals, regardless of vaccination status prior to infection. However, patients with long COVID and persistent neurologic and fatigue symptoms (neuro-PASC) have substantially higher autoantibody responses than convalescent control subjects at an average of 8 mo postinfection. Furthermore, high titers of systemic lupus erythematosus\u2013 and CNS-associated autoantibodies in patients with neuro-PASC are associated with impaired cognitive performance and greater symptom severity. In summary, we found that mild SARS-CoV-2 primary and breakthrough infections can induce persistent humoral autoimmunity in both patients with neuro-PASC and healthy COVID convalescents, suggesting that a reappraisal of mitigation strategies against SARS-CoV-2 is warranted to prevent transmission and potential development of autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2400033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T17:24:45Z","timestamp":1724693085000},"page":"577-585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mild Primary or Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection Promotes Autoantibody Production in Individuals with and without Neuro-PASC"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavanya","family":"Visvabharathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Dalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Leonor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengsong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics and Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary S","family":"Orban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Millenia","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick H","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Penaloza-MacMaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor J","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010608555138600_r1","article-title":"Long COVID: household pulse survey","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010608555138600_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8823","article-title":"Development of a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"329","author":"Thaweethai","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025010608555138600_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02051-3","article-title":"Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection","volume":"28","author":"Bowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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