{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:27:08Z","timestamp":1787030828960,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":97,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune pediatric neurologic diseases have variable phenotypes and presentations, making diagnosis challenging. The pathologic mechanisms are also distinct, including cell-mediated and Ab-mediated autoimmunity, paraneoplastic syndromes, and postinfectious processes. In recent years a number of studies have described the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved in a number of these diseases. Some of the described Abs use a restricted set of variable gene segments. We sought to compare the Ab characteristics of autoantibodies related to some of the more common disorders to discover whether specific Ab signatures are universally associated with neuroautoimmune diseases. We initially performed a literature review to summarize the Ab characteristics of autoantibodies related to some of the more common disorders, including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI-1). Next, we performed data analysis from selected studies that sequenced Ig genes to further characterize NMDAR and LGI-1 autoantibodies including CDR3 length distribution, variable gene sequence usage, and isotype use. We found that CDR3 length of NMDAR autoantibodies was normally distributed whereas the CDR3 length distribution of LGI-1 autoantibodies was skewed, suggesting that there is no global structural restriction on types of autoantibodies that can cause encephalitis. We also found that IgG1\u2013IgG3 were the main NMDAR autoantibody isotypes detected, while IgG4 was the major isotype used in autoantibodies from LGI-1 encephalitis. These findings are useful for our understanding of autoimmune encephalitis and will help facilitate better diagnosis and treatment of these conditions in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2400037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1729759498000},"page":"740-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of B Cell Variable Region Gene Segment Characteristics in Neuro-autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hend","family":"Abd El Baky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadav I","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gull Zareen","family":"Khan Sial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Harrisburg Hospital , Harrisburg, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1768-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark D","family":"Hicar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010608545203200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2025010608545203200_r2","volume-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis.","author":"Gole","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010608545203200_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000086","article-title":"Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1998\u20132010","volume":"82","author":"Vora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025010608545203200_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5857","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study","volume":"71","author":"Kitley","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"2025010608545203200_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1086\/367841","article-title":"In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998\u20132000","volume":"36","author":"Glaser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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