{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:06:57Z","timestamp":1773230817360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":135,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cutaneous mycobacterial infections cause substantial morbidity and are challenging to diagnose and treat. An improved understanding of the dermal immune response to mycobacteria may inspire new therapeutic approaches. We conducted a controlled human infection study with 10 participants who received 2 \u00d7 106 CFUs of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (Tice strain) intradermally and were randomized to receive isoniazid or no treatment. Peripheral blood was collected at multiple time points for flow cytometry, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and serum Ab assessments. Systemic immune responses were detected as early as 8 d postchallenge in this M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin\u2013naive population. Injection-site skin biopsies were performed at days 3 and 15 postchallenge and underwent immune profiling using mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq, as well as quantitative assessments of bacterial viability and burden. Molecular viability testing and standard culture results correlated well, although no differences were observed between treatment arms. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed various immune and nonimmune cell types in the skin, and communication between them was inferred by ligand-receptor gene expression. Day 3 communication was predominantly directed toward monocytes from keratinocyte, muscle, epithelial, and endothelial cells, largely via the migration inhibitory factor pathway and HLA-E\u2013KLRK1 interaction. At day 15, communication was more balanced between cell types. These data reveal the potential role of nonimmune cells in the dermal immune response to mycobacteria and the utility of human challenge studies to augment our understanding of mycobacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2400053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T14:26:21Z","timestamp":1726496781000},"page":"695-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probing Dermal Immunity to Mycobacteria through a Controlled Human Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E Chandler","family":"Church","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA"},{"name":"Seattle-King County Public Health , Seattle, 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Institute of South Africa , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koshlan","family":"Mayer-Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gift","family":"Nwanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Andersen-Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA"},{"name":"Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jay C","family":"Vary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia D","family":"Tomaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University , Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Juliana","family":"McElrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center , Seattle, WA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, 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