{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T20:53:51Z","timestamp":1770411231419,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Here, we reevaluate the effects of early termination of infection on primary T cell expansion, subsequent memory cell development, and protective immunity. Using a murine Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection model, we found the primary expansions of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were affected even when ampicillin was given as late as 60 h postinfection (p.i.). Subsequent development of CD8+ memory T cells was also impaired, although to a lesser extent, and only mice that received ampicillin at 24 h p.i. revealed a significant decrease in memory CD8+ T cells. Upon rechallenge with 1 \u00d7 105 CFU of LM, all ampicillin-treated mice cleared LM as effectively, and they generated similar amounts of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells as with untreated mice. However, mice that received ampicillin at 24 h p.i. lost their protective abilities when rechallenged with 7.5 \u00d7 105 CFU of LM. Ampicillin treatment also revealed early down-regulation of B7.1 and B7.2, but not CD40, on dendritic cells 72 h p.i. Our results have several important implications: 1) they argue against the hypothesis that brief exposure of T cells to an Ag is sufficient for full-fledged primary T cell responses and subsequent memory T cell development in vivo; 2) they suggest the existence of a reservoir of memory T cells, more than the immune system can possibly expand during secondary infection; and 3) they suggest that protective capacity is correlated with the number of preexisting memory T cells and that secondary expanding T cells play a limited role, at least in murine LM infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T16:38:25Z","timestamp":1238690305000},"page":"4590-4600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early Infection Termination Affects Number of CD8+ Memory T Cells and Protective Capacities in\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    -Infected Mice upon Rechallenge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Kuo-En","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yu","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weng Siong","family":"H\u2019ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Lien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806154920800_R1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Antibodies to three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera from North Alaskan Eskimos.","volume-title":"Am. 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