{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:54:06Z","timestamp":1789977246098,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IL-9 contributes to lung inflammatory processes such as asthma, by promoting mast cell differentiation, B cell activation, eosinophilia, and mucus production by lung epithelial cells. The observation that IL-9 overexpressing mice show increased mast cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa suggests that this cytokine might also play a role in intestinal inflammation. In colons from IL-9 transgenic mice, the expression of Muc2, a major intestinal mucin gene, was up-regulated, together with that of CLCA3 chloride channel and resistin like \u03b1, which are goblet cell-associated genes. Additional IL-9 up-regulated genes were identified and included innate immunity genes such as angiogenin 4 and the PLA2g2a phospholipase A2, which are typical Paneth cell markers. Histochemical staining of Paneth cells by phloxine\/tartrazine showed that IL-9 induces Paneth cell hyperplasia in Lieberk\u00fchn glands of the small intestine, and in the colonic mucosa, where this cell type is normally absent. Expression of Paneth cell markers, including angiogenin 4, PLA2g2a, and cryptdins, was induced in the colon of wild-type mice after two to four daily administrations of IL-9. By crossing IL-9 transgenic mice with IL-13\u2212\/\u2212 mice, or by injecting IL-9 into IL-4R\u2212\/\u2212 mice, we showed that IL-13 was required for the up-regulation of these Paneth cell-specific genes by IL-9. Taken together, our data indicate that Paneth cell hyperplasia and expression of their various antimicrobial products contribute to the immune response driven by TH2 cytokines, such as IL-9 and IL-13 in the intestinal mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T16:38:25Z","timestamp":1238690305000},"page":"4737-4743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["IL-9 Promotes IL-13-Dependent Paneth Cell Hyperplasia and Up-Regulation of Innate Immunity Mediators in Intestinal Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Steenwinckel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Louahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel M","family":"Lemaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Sommereyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Warnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Hills Road, Cambridge,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Brombacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Van Snick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Renauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Brussels Branch, Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806154447400_R1","first-page":"649","article-title":"Interleukin-9 upregulates mucus expression in the airways.","volume-title":"Am. 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