{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:22Z","timestamp":1791295342444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Classical B lymphocyte activation is dependent on BCR cross-linking in combination with physical interaction with Th cells. Other B cell molecules that contribute to the activation are complement, cytokine, and TLRs recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is a common Gram-negative respiratory pathogen that induces proliferation in human IgD-expressing B cells independently of T cell help. The activation is initiated by the B cell superantigen Moraxella IgD-binding protein (MID) through a nonimmune cross-linking of IgD. However, IgD cross-linking alone is not sufficient to induce proliferation. In this study, we characterized the significance of TLRs in superantigen-dependent B cell activation using whole bacteria or rMID in the presence or absence of TLR ligands. IgD cross-linking by MID sensitized B cells obtained from children with tonsillar hyperplasia for mainly TLR9, whereas TLRs 1, 2, 6, and 7 were less important. The Moraxella-induced activation was inhibited when a dominant-negative TLR9 ligand was added. Interestingly, BCR-mediated endocytosis of whole Moraxella and degradation of live bacteria in naive B cells were observed with fluorescence, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. This unique observation proved the strong intracellular TLR9 response as well as highlighted the Ag-presenting function of B cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest an important role of TLRs in the adaptive immune response and reveal novel insights into the T cell-independent B cell activation induced by bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T20:38:25Z","timestamp":1238704705000},"page":"4713-4720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Superantigen- and TLR-Dependent Activation of Tonsillar B Cells after Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Jendholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Lund University , Malm\u00f6,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"M\u00f6rgelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Experimental Infectious Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura A","family":"Perez Vidakovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Lund University , Malm\u00f6,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakon","family":"Leffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-Olaf","family":"Cardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Riesbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Lund University , Malm\u00f6,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032622401207200_R1","first-page":"783","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity.","volume-title":"Cell","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032622401207200_R2","first-page":"979","article-title":"Toll-like receptor function and signaling.","volume-title":"J. 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