{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:31:40Z","timestamp":1791311500438,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regulatory T cells (Treg) expand during pregnancy and are present at the fetal-maternal interface at very early stages in pregnancy. The migration mechanisms of Treg to the pregnant uterus are still unclear. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the blastocyst immediately after fertilization and has chemoattractant properties. Therefore, we sought to analyze whether hCG secreted by early trophoblasts attracts Treg to the uterus and hence contributes to maternal tolerance toward the fetus. Decidua and placenta tissue samples from patients having spontaneous abortions or ectopic pregnancies were employed to evaluate Treg and hCG levels. Age-matched samples from normal pregnant women served as controls. We further performed in vitro studies with primary first trimester trophoblast cells and a choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3) aiming to evaluate the ability of secreted hCG to attract Treg. Patients having miscarriages or ectopic pregnancy presented significantly decreased hCG mRNA and protein levels associated with decreased Foxp3, neuropilin-1, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2 mRNA levels as compared with normal pregnant women. Using migration assays we demonstrated that Treg were attracted by hCG-producing trophoblasts or choriocarcinoma cells. Treg migration toward cells transfected with hCG expression vectors confirmed the chemoattractant ability of hCG. Our data clearly show that hCG produced by trophoblasts attracts Treg to the fetal-maternal interface. High hCG levels at very early pregnancy stages ensure Treg to migrate to the site of contact between paternal Ags and maternal immune cells and to orchestrate immune tolerance toward the fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,21]],"date-time":"2009-04-21T01:07:38Z","timestamp":1240276058000},"page":"5488-5497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Attracts Regulatory T Cells into the Fetal-Maternal Interface during Early Human Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Brachwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindy","family":"Sohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Engeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Langwisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dolaptchieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Taran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Fill","family":"Malfertheiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serban-Dan","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerolf","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Nitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Dieter","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gunzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia","family":"Zenclussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806363052700_R1","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Immunological self-tolerance maintained by activated T-cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25): breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases.","volume-title":"J. 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