{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:51:22Z","timestamp":1790743882200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Dermatomyositis and polymyositis are disabling rheumatic diseases characterized by an appreciable number of T cells infiltrating muscle tissue. The precise phenotype, function and specificity of these cells remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to characterize T cells in muscle tissue and circulation and to investigate their association to clinical phenotype. Twenty-four patients with dermatomyositis and 42 with polymyositis were screened for frequency of CD4+CD28null and CD8+CD28null T cells in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Presence of these cells in inflamed muscle tissue from 13 of these patients was analyzed by three-color immunofluorescence microscopy. Effector functions, proliferation and Ag specificity were analyzed by flow cytometry after in vitro stimulation. The clinical relevance of CD28null T cells was analyzed by multiple regression analyses including six separate and combined disease variables. We demonstrate that muscle-infiltrating T cells are predominantly CD4+CD28null and CD8+CD28null T cells in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Muscle-infiltrating CD28null T cells were found already at time of diagnosis. Disease activity correlated with the frequency of CD8+ T cells in the inflamed muscles of polymyositis patients. Circulating CD4+CD28null and CD8+CD28null T cells were significantly more frequent in human CMV (HCMV) seropositive individuals, responded to HCMV Ag stimulation, and correlated with disease duration. These cells also display a proinflammatory cytokine profile, contain perforin and lack the costimulatory molecule CD28. Our observations imply that CD28null T cells represent clinically important effector cells in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and that HCMV might play a role in propagating disease in a subset of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T01:31:13Z","timestamp":1252978273000},"page":"4792-4799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["T Cell Infiltrates in the Muscles of Patients with Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Are Dominated by CD28null T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Andreas E R","family":"Fasth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Dastmalchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsar","family":"Rahbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stina","family":"Salomonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayesh M","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lindroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Nennesmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Johan","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Trollmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid E","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivianne","family":"Malmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032603062490100_R1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. 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