{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:11:50Z","timestamp":1781604710267,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A major problem of current vaccines is storage stability, often requiring strict maintenance of cold chains. In the course of the eradication of smallpox, a freeze-dried vaccinia virus (Dryvax), which proved to be very stable, was used to overcome this limitation. However, Dryvax needs to be reconstituted before usage and is administered using a bifurcated needle, procedures that pose a number of additional health risks. We report in this study that a stable, lyophilized, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine can be directly applied to the nostrils of mice without previous reconstitution. This direct mucosal application induced systemic Ab and T cell responses comparable to those achieved by i.m. administration. Importantly, mucosal application of lyophilized MVA induced long-lasting protective immunity against lethal bacterial and viral challenges. These data clearly demonstrate the potency of a simple needle-free vaccination, combining the advantages of mucosal application with the stability and efficiency of lyophilized MVA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,20]],"date-time":"2009-02-20T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1235151692000},"page":"2573-2577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cutting Edge: Mucosal Application of a Lyophilized Viral Vector Vaccine Confers Systemic and Protective Immunity toward Intracellular Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kastenmuller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology"},{"name":"Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy and Immune-Monitoring Clinical Cooperation Groups, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Gasteiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology"},{"name":"Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy and Immune-Monitoring Clinical Cooperation Groups, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Stross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Virology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk H","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University Munich , Munich,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy and Immune-Monitoring Clinical Cooperation Groups, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Virology"},{"name":"Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy and Immune-Monitoring Clinical Cooperation Groups, Helmholtz Center Munich and German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806361532600_R1","first-page":"801","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates.","volume-title":"Bull. 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