{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:16Z","timestamp":1790671216194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A vaccine is likely the most effective strategy for controlling human chlamydial infections. Recent studies have shown immunization with Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) can induce significant protection against infection and disease in mice if its native trimeric structure is preserved (nMOMP). The objective of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of Chlamydia trachomatis nMOMP in a nonhuman primate trachoma model. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized systemically with nMOMP, and monkeys were challenged ocularly. Immunization induced high serum IgG and IgA ELISA Ab titers, with Abs displaying high strain-specific neutralizing activity. The PBMCs of immunized monkeys produced a broadly cross-reactive, Ag-specific IFN-\u03b3 response equivalent to that induced by experimental infection. Immunized monkeys exhibited a significant decrease in infectious burden during the early peak shedding periods (days 3\u201314). However, at later time points, they exhibited no difference from control animals in either burden or duration of infection. Immunization had no effect on the progression of ocular disease. These results show that systemically administered nMOMP is highly immunogenic in nonhuman primates and elicits partially protective immunity against ocular chlamydial challenge. This is the first time a subunit vaccine has shown a significant reduction in ocular shedding in nonhuman primates. A partially protective vaccine, particularly one that reduces infectious burden after primary infection of children, could interrupt the natural trachoma reinfection cycle. This would have a beneficial effect on the transmission between children and sensitized adults which drives blinding inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T20:48:22Z","timestamp":1244062102000},"page":"8063-8070","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["<i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> Native Major Outer Membrane Protein Induces Partial Protection in Nonhuman Primates: Implication for a Trachoma Transmission-Blocking Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Kari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M","family":"Whitmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah D","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Reveneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan M","family":"Goheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellena M","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M","family":"de la Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan D","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032715465673700_R1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002.","volume-title":"Bull. World Health Organ.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R2"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R3","first-page":"87","article-title":"New knowledge of chlamydiae and the diseases they cause.","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"1975"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R4","first-page":"428","article-title":"Chlamydial infections (Part 1).","volume-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","year":"1978"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R5","first-page":"540","article-title":"Chlamydial infections (Part 3).","volume-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","year":"1978"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R6","first-page":"490","article-title":"Chlamydial infections (Part 2).","volume-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","year":"1978"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R7","first-page":"S10","article-title":"The relation of basic biology to pathogenic potential in the genus.","volume-title":"Chlamydia. Infection","year":"1982"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R8","first-page":"745","article-title":"Neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity with antibodies to the major outer membrane protein.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1982"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R9","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis: kinetics and stoichiometry.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R10","first-page":"575","article-title":"Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"1987"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R11","first-page":"119","article-title":"A new computer model for estimating the impact of vaccination protocols and its application to the study of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections.","volume-title":"Vaccine","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R12","first-page":"154","article-title":"Computer modelling of trachoma control strategies. D. Oriel, and G. Ridgway, and J. Schachter, and D. Taylor-Robinson, and M. Ward, eds.","volume-title":"Chlamydial Infections","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R13","first-page":"717","article-title":"Importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma.","volume-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis.","year":"1985"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R14","first-page":"723","article-title":"Studies on trachoma. VI. Microbiological observations in a field trial in Saudi Arabia of bivalent trachoma vaccine at three dosage levels.","volume-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R15","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Field trial of a monovalent and of a bivalent mineral oil adjuvant trachoma vaccine in Taiwan school children.","volume-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol.","year":"1967"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R16","first-page":"4406","article-title":"A poliovirus hybrid expressing a neutralization epitope from the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is highly immunogenic.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R17","first-page":"4147","article-title":"Functional and structural mapping of Chlamydia trachomatis species-specific major outer membrane protein epitopes by use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R18","first-page":"498","article-title":"Effects of antibody isotype and host cell type on in vitro neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R19","first-page":"203","article-title":"Identification and characterization of T helper cell epitopes of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"J. Exp. Med.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R20","first-page":"227","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a chimeric peptide corresponding to T helper and B cell epitopes of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein.","volume-title":"J. Exp. Med.","year":"1992"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R21","first-page":"3909","article-title":"Immunologic characterization of a cloned fragment containing the species-specific epitope from the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R22","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene from Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2.","volume-title":"J Bacteriol.","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R23","first-page":"3879","article-title":"Diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes.","volume-title":"J. Bacteriol.","year":"1987"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R24","first-page":"429","article-title":"Epitope clusters in the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R25","first-page":"817","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of serovar-specific and common antigenic determinants of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume-title":"J. Exp. Med.","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R26","first-page":"4000","article-title":"Mapping antigenic domains expressed by Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes.","volume-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R27","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Transcutaneous immunization with combined cholera toxin and CpG adjuvant protects against Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R28","first-page":"3074","article-title":"Priming with Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) DNA followed by MOMP ISCOM boosting enhances protection and is associated with increased immunoglobulin A and Th1 cellular immune responses.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R29","first-page":"3361","article-title":"Immunization with an acellular vaccine consisting of the outer membrane complex of Chlamydia trachomatis induces protection against a genital challenge.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R30","first-page":"459","article-title":"Vaccination of mice with DNA plasmids coding for the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein elicits an immune response but fails to protect against a genital challenge.","volume-title":"Vaccine","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R31","first-page":"164","article-title":"Comparative proteome analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A, D and L2.","volume-title":"Proteomics","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R32","first-page":"314","article-title":"Characterization of immune responses following intramuscular DNA immunization with the MOMP gene of Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis strain.","volume-title":"Immunology","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R33","first-page":"1477","article-title":"A chlamydial major outer membrane protein extract as a trachoma vaccine candidate.","volume-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R34","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Oral immunization with chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP).","volume-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R35","first-page":"8153","article-title":"Vaccination with the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein can elicit an immune reponse as protective as that resulting from inoculation with live bacteria.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R36","first-page":"422","article-title":"An animal model for cicatrizing trachoma.","volume-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.","year":"1981"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R37","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis-host cell interactions: role of the chlamydial major outer membrane protein as an adhesin.","volume-title":"Infect. Immun.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R38","first-page":"127","article-title":"Polymerase chain-reaction amplification and detection of HIV DNA-sequences in the peripheral-blood.","volume-title":"Br. J. Haematol.","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R39","first-page":"341","article-title":"Experimental inclusion conjunctivitis in man. 3. Keratitis and other complications.","volume-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol.","year":"1967"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R40","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Experimental inoculation of thirteen volunteers with agent isolated from inclusion conjunctivitis.","volume-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol.","year":"1967"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R41","first-page":"358","article-title":"Development of immunity to ocular chlamydial infection.","volume-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.","year":"1990"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R42","first-page":"449","article-title":"Pathogenic diversity among Chlamydia trachomatis ocular strains in non-human primates is affected by subtle genomic variations.","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R43","first-page":"1854","article-title":"Prediction of the membrane-spanning \u03b2-strands of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia.","volume-title":"Protein Sci.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R44","first-page":"507","article-title":"An animal model of trachoma. II. The importance of repeated reinfection.","volume-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.","year":"1982"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R45","first-page":"99","article-title":"Spatial clustering of ocular chlamydial infection over time following treatment among households in a village in Tanzania.","volume-title":"Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R46","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Effect of a single mass antibiotic distribution on the prevalence of infectious trachoma.","volume-title":"JAMA","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R47","first-page":"572","article-title":"Global elimination of trachoma: how frequently should we administer mass chemotherapy?.","volume-title":"Nat. Med.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025032715465673700_R48","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis after mass treatment of a trachoma hyperendemic community in Tanzania: a longitudinal study.","volume-title":"Lancet","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/182\/12\/8063\/62686310\/9129.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/182\/12\/8063\/62686310\/9129.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T16:44:34Z","timestamp":1743353074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/182\/12\/8063\/8007173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.0804375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-6606","0022-1767"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}