{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T20:12:28Z","timestamp":1774296748893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leishmania produce several types of mucin-like glycoproteins called proteophosphoglycans (PPGs) which exist as secretory as well as surface-bound forms in both promastigotes and amastigotes. The structure and function of PPGs have been reported to be species and stage specific as in the case of Leishmania major and Leishmania mexicana; there has been no such information available for Leishmania donovani. We have recently demonstrated that PPG is differentially expressed in sodium stibogluconate-sensitive and -resistant clinical isolates of L. donovani. To further elucidate the structure and function of the ppg gene of L. donovani, a partial sequence of its N-terminal domain of 1.6 kb containing the majority of antigenic determinants, was successfully cloned and expressed in prokaryotic as well as mammalian cells. We further evaluated the DNA-encoding N-terminal domain of the ppg gene as a vaccine in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) against the L. donovani challenge. The prophylactic efficacy to the tune of \u223c80% was observed in vaccinated hamsters and all of them could survive beyond 6 mo after challenge. The efficacy was supported by a surge in inducible NO synthase, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-12 mRNA levels along with extreme down-regulation of TGF-\u03b2, IL-4, and IL-10. A rise in the level of Leishmania-specific IgG2 was also observed which was indicative of enhanced cellular immune response. The results suggest the N-terminal domain of L. donovani ppg as a potential DNA vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,19]],"date-time":"2009-06-19T17:04:08Z","timestamp":1245431048000},"page":"470-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Immunization with the DNA-Encoding N-Terminal Domain of Proteophosphoglycan of\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    Generates Th1-Type Immunoprotective Response against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Samant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shraddha","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pragya","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Khare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Kushawaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amogh Anant","family":"Sahasrabuddhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular & Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012811285869000_R1","first-page":"1701","article-title":"Leishmania major proteophosphoglycans exist as membrane-bound and soluble forms and localise to the cell membrane, the flagellar pocket and the lysosome.","volume-title":"Int. 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Chem.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R5","first-page":"589","article-title":"Leishmania major proteophosphoglycan is expressed by amastigotes and has an immunomodulatory effect on macrophage function.","volume-title":"Microbes Infect.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R6","first-page":"137","article-title":"Structure of a filamentous phosphoglycoprotein polymer: the secreted acid phosphatase of Leishmania mexicana.","volume-title":"J. Mol. Biol.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R7","first-page":"53","article-title":"Mucin-like proteophosphoglycans from the protozoan parasite Leishmania.","volume-title":"Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R8","first-page":"205","article-title":"Purification, partial characterization and immunolocalization of a proteophosphoglycan secreted by Leishmania mexicana amastigotes.","volume-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol.","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R9","first-page":"787","article-title":"Proteophosphoglycans of Leishmania mexicana: molecular cloning and characterization of the Leishmania mexicana ppg2 gene encoding the proteophosphoglycans aPPG and pPPG2 that are secreted by amastigotes and promastigotes.","volume-title":"Biochem. J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R10","first-page":"775","article-title":"Proteophosphoglycans of Leishmania mexicana: identification, purification, structural and ultrastructural characterization of the secreted promastigote proteophosphoglycan pPPG2, a stage-specific glycoisoform of amastigote aPPG.","volume-title":"Biochem. J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R11","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Proteophosphoglycan is differentially expressed in sodium stibogluconate-sensitive and resistant Indian clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani.","volume-title":"Parasitology","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R12","first-page":"65","article-title":"The lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania parasites.","volume-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol.","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R13","first-page":"845","article-title":"Biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major: characterization of (\u03b21\u20133)-galactosyltransferase(s).","volume-title":"Glycobiology","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026012811285869000_R14","first-page":"247","article-title":"Biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major: solubilization and characterization of a (\u03b21\u20133)-galactosyltransferase.","volume-title":"Biochem. 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