{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:07:18Z","timestamp":1791050838637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The parameters controlling the generation of robust CD4+ T cell recall responses remain poorly defined. In this study, we compare recall responses by CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells following rechallenge. Homologous rechallenge of mice immune to either lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or Listeria monocytogenes results in robust CD8+ T cell recall responses but poor boosting of CD4+ T cell recall responses in the same host. In contrast, heterologous rechallenge with a pathogen sharing only a CD4+ T cell epitope results in robust boosting of CD4+ T cell recall responses. The disparity in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recall responses cannot be attributed to competition for growth factors or APCs, as robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recall responses can be simultaneously induced following rechallenge with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Instead, CD4+ T cell recall responses are dependent on the duration of the secondary challenge. Increasing the rechallenge dose results in more potent boosting of CD4+ T cell recall responses and artificially limiting the duration of secondary infection following heterologous rechallenge adversely impacts the magnitude of CD4+ T cell, but not CD8+ T cell, recall responses. These findings suggest that rapid pathogen clearance by secondary CTL following homologous rechallenge prevents optimal boosting of CD4+ T cell responses and therefore have important practical implications in the design of vaccination and boosting strategies aimed at promoting CD4+ T cell-mediated protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,16]],"date-time":"2009-07-16T02:09:54Z","timestamp":1247710194000},"page":"2382-2389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Magnitude of CD4+ T Cell Recall Responses Is Controlled by the Duration of the Secondary Stimulus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Eugene V","family":"Ravkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032709113108400_R1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effector and memory CTL Differentiation.","volume-title":"Annu. 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