{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:56:03Z","timestamp":1781528163697,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pathogen-specific CD4 T cells are activated within a few hours of oral Salmonella infection and are essential for protective immunity. However, CD4 T cells do not participate in bacterial clearance until several weeks after infection, suggesting that Salmonella can inhibit or evade CD4 T cells that are activated at early time points. Here, we describe the progressive culling of initially activated CD4 T cells in Salmonella-infected mice. Loss of activated CD4 T cells was independent of early instructional programming, T cell precursor frequency, and Ag availability. In contrast, apoptosis of Ag-specific CD4 T cells was actively induced by live bacteria in a process that required Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 and correlated with increased expression of PD-L1. These data demonstrate efficient culling of initially activated Ag-specific CD4 cells by a microbial pathogen and document a novel strategy for bacterial immune evasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,3]],"date-time":"2009-06-03T20:48:22Z","timestamp":1244062102000},"page":"7838-7845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Culling of Activated CD4 T Cells during Typhoid Is Driven by <i>Salmonella<\/i> Virulence Genes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minelva","family":"Nanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"McSorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032715465301900_R1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin.","volume-title":"Nature","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Functions of the Yersinia effector proteins in inhibiting host immune responses.","volume-title":"Curr. 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Immunol.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R38","first-page":"3983","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium coordinately regulates FliC location and reduces dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells.","volume-title":"J. Immunol.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R39","first-page":"795","article-title":"In vivo, fliC expression by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is heterogeneous, regulated by ClpX, and anatomically restricted.","volume-title":"Mol. Microbiol.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R40","first-page":"793","article-title":"Initial T cell frequency dictates memory CD8+ T cell lineage commitment.","volume-title":"Nat. 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Neuroimmunol.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R59","first-page":"755","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor-1 is prerequisite to the constitutive expression and IFN-\u03b3-induced upregulation of B7-H1 (CD274).","volume-title":"FEBS Lett.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R60","first-page":"e196","article-title":"Analysis of cells targeted by Salmonella type III secretion in vivo.","volume-title":"PLoS Pathog.","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025032715465301900_R61","first-page":"625","article-title":"Repression of SPI2 transcription by nitric oxide-producing, IFN\u03b3-activated macrophages promotes maturation of Salmonella phagosomes.","volume-title":"J. Exp. 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