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Because hBDs and LL-37 cause mast cells to release pruritogens such as histamine and PGs, we hypothesized that these peptides would stimulate the secretion of a novel pruritogenic mediator IL-31, predominantly produced by T cells. hBDs and LL-37 enhanced IL-31 gene expression and IL-31 protein production and release in the human mast cell line LAD2, as well as in peripheral blood-derived cultured mast cells, suggesting that mast cells are another source of IL-31. Moreover, the expression of IL-31 was elevated in psoriatic skin mast cells, and hBD-2\u20134 and LL-37, but not hBD-1, enhanced its expression in vivo in rat skin mast cells. hBDs and LL-37 also induced the release of other pruritogenic mediators, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, nerve growth factor, PGE2, and leukotriene C4, and increased mRNA expression of substance P. hBD\u2013 and LL-37\u2013mediated IL-31 production\/release was markedly reduced by pertussis toxin and wortmannin, inhibitors of G-protein and PI3K, respectively. As evidenced by the inhibitory effects of MAPK-specific inhibitors, hBD-2\u20134 and LL-37 activated the phosphorylation of MAPKs p38, ERK, and JNK that were required for IL-31 production and release. The ability of hBDs and LL-37 to stimulate the production and release of IL-31 by human mast cells provides a novel mechanism by which skin-derived antimicrobial peptides\/proteins may contribute to inflammatory reactions and suggests a central role of these peptides in the pathogenesis of skin disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,26]],"date-time":"2010-02-26T21:31:19Z","timestamp":1267219879000},"page":"3526-3534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["Antimicrobial Peptides Human \u03b2-Defensins and Cathelicidin LL-37 Induce the Secretion of a Pruritogenic Cytokine IL-31 by Human Mast Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Niyonsaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Ushio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsuko","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Tominaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine , Chiba,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Takamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environment and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine , Chiba,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development , Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohisa","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development , Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideoki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atopy (Allergy) Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806344332300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v26.i6.60","article-title":"Human defensins and cathelicidins in the skin: beyond direct antimicrobial properties.","volume":"26","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. 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