{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:35:31Z","timestamp":1769646931959,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["HHSN266200400084C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN266200400084C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There has been a long history of defining T cell epitopes to track viral immunity and to design rational vaccines, yet few data of this type exist for bacterial infections. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is both an endemic pathogen in many regions and a potential biological warfare threat. T cell immunity in naturally infected anthrax patients has not previously been characterized, which is surprising given concern about the ability of anthrax toxins to subvert or ablate adaptive immunity. We investigated CD4 T cell responses in patients from the Kayseri region of Turkey who were previously infected with cutaneous anthrax. Responses to B. anthracis protective Ag and lethal factor (LF) were investigated at the protein, domain, and epitope level. Several years after antibiotic-treated anthrax infection, strong T cell memory was detectable, with no evidence of the expected impairment in specific immunity. Although serological responses to existing anthrax vaccines focus primarily on protective Ag, the major target of T cell immunity in infected individuals and anthrax-vaccinated donors was LF, notably domain IV. Some of these anthrax epitopes showed broad binding to several HLA class alleles, but others were more constrained in their HLA binding patterns. Of specific CD4 T cell epitopes targeted within LF domain IV, one is preferentially seen in the context of bacterial infection, as opposed to vaccination, suggesting that studies of this type will be important in understanding how the human immune system confronts serious bacterial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,5]],"date-time":"2010-03-05T22:29:03Z","timestamp":1267828143000},"page":"3814-3821","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Natural Exposure to Cutaneous Anthrax Gives Long-Lasting T Cell Immunity Encompassing Infection-Specific Epitopes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"Metan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Maillere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie Mol\u00e9culaire des Prot\u00e9ines , Gif Sur Yvette,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Doganay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ozkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Hospital , Kayseri,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise U","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Les","family":"Baillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University , Cardiff"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Salisbury"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E Diane","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Salisbury"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen K","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ascough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CytomX Therapeutics , Santa Barbara, CA 93111"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa B","family":"Huwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne , Newcastle Upon Tyne,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiranee","family":"Sriskandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London , London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806305000400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03112.x","article-title":"Past, imminent and future human medical countermeasures for anthrax.","volume":"101","author":"Baillie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00500.x","article-title":"Anthrax in Europe: its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and role in bioterrorism.","volume":"8","author":"Schmid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160616","article-title":"Bioterrorism: from threat to reality.","volume":"56","author":"Atlas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020329","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, New Jersey, 2001.","volume":"8","author":"Greene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax.","volume":"55","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655","article-title":"Anthrax toxin.","volume":"19","author":"Collier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/n35101999","article-title":"Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.","volume":"414","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142728","article-title":"Anthrax toxin: receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation.","volume":"76","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010019","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin-mediated killing of human and murine dendritic cells impairs the adaptive immune response.","volume":"1","author":"Alileche","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.12.004","article-title":"Anthrax toxin: the long and winding road that leads to the kill.","volume":"13","author":"Abrami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.07.002","article-title":"Anthrax toxins: a paradigm of bacterial immune suppression.","volume":"27","author":"Baldari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2026012806305000400_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01121.x","article-title":"Maturation modulates caspase-1-independent responses of dendritic cells to Anthrax lethal toxin.","volume":"10","author":"Reig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. 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