{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1791250787943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune diseases develop in selected normal mouse strains when thymectomy (Tx) is performed at 3 days of age (d3-Tx). Insufficient T cell regulation after Tx may result from a defect in regulatory T (Treg) cells or from an augmented effector T (Teff) cell number\/pathogenicity. We have previously shown that Tx at 3 wk (wk3-Tx), the age of massive islet Ag release, accelerates diabetes onset. We now have determined diabetes incidence in d3-Tx nonobese diabetic mice and compared the frequency and function of their Teff and Treg cells with those of wk3-Tx mice. We found that d3-Tx had no effect on diabetes incidence, but induced gastritis. After day 3 and week 3 Tx, Treg cells were fully competent and their frequency increased. The number of diabetogenic T cells was greatly amplified after wk3-Tx and likely overcame Treg cell control, leading to an early tolerance breakdown. By contrast, in d3-Tx mice, activation concerned few cells and Teff cell amplification remained controlled. This suggests that Tx enhances autoimmunity when it coincides with the first encounter of autoreactive T cells with their cognate Ag. The relationship between Tx-induced lymphopenia, tissue remodeling, and autoimmunity is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,3]],"date-time":"2009-10-03T08:01:10Z","timestamp":1254556870000},"page":"4913-4920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Autoimmunity during Thymectomy-Induced Lymphopenia: Role of Thymus Ablation and Initial Effector T Cell Activation Timing in Nonobese Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Gagnerault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit\u00e9 561, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Lanvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8603, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University, Necker Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Pasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8603, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University, Necker Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine School, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Damotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathologic Anatomy Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochin Institute, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8104, Cochin Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INSERM Unit\u00e9 567, Cochin Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Lepault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochin Institute, Ren\u00e9 Descartes University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8104, Cochin Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INSERM Unit\u00e9 567, Cochin Hospital , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012811280428800_R1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The new paradigm of T-cell homeostatic proliferation-induced autoimmunity.","volume-title":"Trends Immunol.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026012811280428800_R2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Autoimmunity during lymphopenia: a two-hit model.","volume-title":"Clin. 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