{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1761919403041,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Granzyme (gzm) A and B, proteases of NK cells and T killer cells, mediate cell death, but also cleave extracellular matrices, inactivate intracellular pathogens, and induce cytokines. Moreover, macrophages, Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, mast cells, and B cells can express gzms. We recently reported gzm induction in human filarial infection. In this study, we show that in rodent filarial infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis, worm loads were significantly reduced in gzmA\u00d7B and gzmB knockout mice during the whole course of infection, but enhanced only early in gzmA knockout compared with wild-type mice. GzmA\/B deficiency was associated with a defense-promoting Th2 cytokine and Ab shift, enhanced early inflammatory gene expression, and a trend of reduced alternatively activated macrophage induction, whereas gzmA deficiency was linked with reduced inflammation and a trend toward increased alternatively activated macrophages. This suggests a novel and divergent role for gzms in helminth infection, with gzmA contributing to resistance and gzmB promoting susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]],"date-time":"2011-01-20T04:02:34Z","timestamp":1295496154000},"page":"2472-2481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Novel and Divergent Role of Granzyme A and B in Resistance to Helminth Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , D-20359 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Marsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Pneumology Service, Vaud University Hospital Center , CH-1011 Lausanne ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Array Service Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , D-20246 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Urny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Research Excellence Cluster, Scientific Office, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , D-24118 Kiel ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , D-20359 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Korten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , D-20359 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical Service Center Dr. Kramer and Collegues, Laboratory Association for Diagnostics and Rationalization, GmbH , D-21502 Geesthacht ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032411055321800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090404","article-title":"Death by a thousand cuts: granzyme pathways of programmed cell death","volume":"26","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. 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