{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:34:39Z","timestamp":1791128079880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,27]],"date-time":"2009-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1261872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Allergic contact dermatitis is a common disease caused by an exaggerated T cell-mediated immune response to skin-applied haptens. We show in this study that NK cells affect skin immune responses to haptens by releasing type 1 cytokines and inducing keratinocytes apoptosis. Immunohistochemical stainings demonstrated that NK lymphocytes constitute \u223c10% of the inflammatory infiltrate mostly distributed in the superficial dermis and in the epidermis at the site of intense spongiotic changes. More than 90% of NK cells isolated from allergic contact dermatitis skin showed a CD3-CD56highCD16\u2212 phenotype by FACS analysis. In addition, they uniformly expressed NKG2A, intermediate to high levels of perforin, and the activating receptors, NKG2D, NKp44, and NKp46, but lacked NKp30 and killer Ig-related receptors. Skin NK lymphocytes displayed a CXCR3+CCR6+CCR5+ chemokine receptor asset for homing into inflamed skin, but not CD62L and CCR7 for lymph node homing. When NK cells from nickel-allergic donors were exposed in vitro to the metal, they failed to proliferate, to upregulate CD69, and to release IFN-\u03b3, thus indicating that NK lymphocytes do not exhibit memory-like properties to haptens. However, IL-2 released by hapten-driven T lymphocytes rapidly induced the release of IFN-\u03b3 by NK cells and promoted the NK-mediated apoptosis of autologous keratinocytes in a hapten-independent manner. Our findings underline the importance of the interaction between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms for amplification of skin allergic responses to haptens and full expression of allergic contact dermatitis<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T22:12:15Z","timestamp":1260569535000},"page":"1102-1110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["CD56highCD16\u2212CD62L\u2212 NK Cells Accumulate in Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Contribute to the Expression of Allergic Responses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nasorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Pennino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Eyerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Foerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Cifaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Traidl-Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012808093166600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282ef6923","article-title":"New aspects of the molecular basis of contact allergy.","volume":"7","author":"Cavani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. 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