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Our working hypothesis has been that this selective breakdown of immunological tolerance is due to a predominant expression of an inflammatory mediator at an immune-restricted site undergoing a destructive process. All three conditions also take place in cancer diseases. In this study, we delineate this hypothesis for the first time in a human cancer disease and then explore its clinical implications. We show that in primary tumor sections of prostate cancer subjects, CCL2 is predominantly expressed at the tumor site over other chemokines that have been associated with tumor development, including: CXCL12, CXCL10, CXCL8, CCL3, and CCL5. Subsequently, the immune response selectivity mounts an Ab-based response to CCL2. These Abs are neutralizing Abs. These findings hold diagnostic and therapeutic implications. The current diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on prostate-specific Ag measurements that do not distinguish benign hypertrophy from malignancy. We show in this study that development of anti-CCL2 Abs is selective to the malignant stage. From a clinically oriented perspective, we show, in an experimental model of the disease, that DNA-based amplification of this response suppresses disease, which has implications for a novel way of therapy in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T00:23:40Z","timestamp":1260231820000},"page":"1092-1101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Predominant Expression of CCL2 at the Tumor Site of Prostate Cancer Patients Directs a Selective Loss of Immunological Tolerance to CCL2 That Could Be Amplified in a Beneficial Manner"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Liat","family":"Izhak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gizi","family":"Wildbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weinberg","family":"Uri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuval","family":"Shaked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Alami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Carmel Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Haifa,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Karin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012808101109000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2685","article-title":"Targeting the function of IFN-\u03b3-inducible protein 10 suppresses ongoing adjuvant arthritis.","volume":"169","author":"Salomon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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