{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:35:56Z","timestamp":1792251356845,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Costimulatory signals via B7\/CD28 family molecules (signal 2) are critical for effective adaptive CD8+ T cell immune responses. In addition to costimulatory signals, B7\/CD28 family coinhibitory receptor\/ligands that modulate immune responses have been identified. In acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, programmed death receptor 1, an inhibitory receptor in the CD28 family, is highly expressed on virus-specific CD8+ T cells, yet vigorous immune responses often develop. We hypothesized that other costimulatory signals present during the acute phase of HCV infection would be important to counter this negative signaling. In this study, we found that CD86 was highly expressed on HCV-specific CD8+ T cells early in acute HCV infection and was lost on transition to chronic HCV infection; the expression of CD86 was different from other activation markers, because expression was delayed after in vitro TCR stimulation and required sufficient IL-2 signaling; and HCV-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver of patients with chronic HCV infection were highly activated (CD69, CD38, and HLA-DR expression), but only a minority expressed CD86 or showed evidence of recent IL-2 signaling (low basal phosphorylated STAT5), despite persistent viremia. Our study identified B7 ligand expression on HCV-specific CD8+ T cells as a distinct marker of effective T cell stimulation with IL-2 signaling in acute HCV infection. Expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD86, early in HCV infection may be essential in overcoming inhibitory signals from the high level of programmed death receptor 1 expression also seen at this phase of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]],"date-time":"2010-01-25T21:51:51Z","timestamp":1264456311000},"page":"2410-2422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Transient CD86 Expression on Hepatitis C Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Acute Infection Is Linked to Sufficient IL-2 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Henry","family":"Radziewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris C","family":"Ibegbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"B\u00e9dard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, H\u00f4pital St-Luc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bruneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, H\u00f4pital St-Luc"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A","family":"Workowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart J","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan D","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian P","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naglaa H","family":"Shoukry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, H\u00f4pital St-Luc"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Familiale"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Grakoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012806320026200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39133","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus versus innate and adaptive immune responses: a tale of coevolution and coexistence.","volume":"119","author":"Rehermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026012806320026200_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200009)30:9<2479::AID-IMMU2479>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are induced during acute hepatitis C virus infection but are not sustained.","volume":"30","author":"Lechner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012806320026200_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1499","article-title":"Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus.","volume":"191","author":"Lechner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026012806320026200_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.12.5550-5558.2001","article-title":"Sustained dysfunction of antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes after infection with hepatitis C virus.","volume":"75","author":"Gruener","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026012806320026200_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1395","article-title":"Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"194","author":"Thimme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026012806320026200_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0402-379","article-title":"Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections.","volume":"8","author":"Appay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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