{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1791174691009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite the well-documented immune suppression associated with human helminth infections, studies characterizing the immune response at the single-cell level are scanty. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to characterize the type of effector (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and regulatory (natural T regulatory cells [nTregs] and adaptive Treg cells [aTreg\/type 1 regulatory cells (Tr1s)]) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in filaria-infected (Fil+) and -uninfected (Fil\u2212) individuals at homeostasis (in the absence of stimulation). Frequencies of CD4+ lymphocytes spontaneously producing IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17A were significantly higher in Fil+, as were those of IL-10+\/IL-4+ double-producing CD4+ cells. Interestingly, frequencies of Th17 and aTreg\/Tr1s but not classical Th1 or Th2 cells were significantly increased in Fil+ compared to Fil\u2212 individuals. Although the frequency of nTreg was increased in Fil+, IL-10 was overwhelmingly produced by CD4+CD25\u2212 cells. Moreover, the concentration of IL-10 produced spontaneously in vitro strongly correlated with the integrated geometric mean fluorescence intensity of IL-10\u2013producing aTreg\/Tr1s in Fil+. Together, these data show that at steady state, IL-10\u2013producing aTreg\/Tr1 as well as nTreg and effector Th17 CD4+ cells are expanded in vivo in human filarial infections. Moreover, we have established baseline ex vivo frequencies of effector and Tregs at homeostasis at a population level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1270091262000},"page":"5375-5382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["At Homeostasis Filarial Infections Have Expanded Adaptive T Regulatory but Not Classical Th2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Metenou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Dembele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaka","family":"Konate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Housseini","family":"Dolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaka Y","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaya I","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah A","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamine","family":"Soumaoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel E","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dramane","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salif S","family":"Doumbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekou F","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako , Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Mahanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Klion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032710224101000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"118","author":"Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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