{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1762505648028,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The current vaccines for anthrax in the United States and United Kingdom are efficacious in the two most accepted animal models of inhalation anthrax, nonhuman primates and rabbits, but require extensive immunization protocols. We previously demonstrated that a linear determinant in domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis protective Ag (PA) is a potentially important target for an epitope-specific vaccine for anthrax, as Abs specific for this site, referred to as the loop-neutralizing determinant (LND), neutralize lethal toxin in vitro, yet are virtually absent in PA-immunized rabbits. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy in rabbits of multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) consisting of aa 304\u2013319 from the LND of PA colinearly synthesized at the C terminus (T-B MAP) or N terminus (B-T MAP) with a heterologous T cell epitope from Plasmodium falciparum. Immunogenicity studies demonstrated that both MAPs elicited toxin-neutralizing Ab in rabbits. To evaluate the MAPs as potential anthrax vaccines, we immunized groups of rabbits (n = 7) with each MAP in Freund\u2019s adjuvant and then exposed all rabbits to a 200-LD50 challenge with aerosolized spores of B. anthracis Ames strain. All seven rabbits immunized with the B-T MAP and 89% (six of seven) of rabbits immunized with the T-B MAP survived the spore challenge. Corollary studies with reference sera from human vaccinees immunized with rPA or anthrax vaccine absorbed and nonhuman primates immunized with PA revealed no detectable Ab with specificity for the LND. We conclude that a synthetic peptide vaccine targeting the LND would be a potentially efficacious vaccine for anthrax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,10]],"date-time":"2010-08-10T03:05:34Z","timestamp":1281409534000},"page":"3661-3668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Directed against the 2\u03b22\u20132\u03b23 Loop of Domain 2 of Protective Antigen Protects Rabbits from Inhalation Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"Oscherwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48105"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, MI 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemp B","family":"Cease","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI 48105"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, MI 48105"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032411535742500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1201-1271","article-title":"Bioterrorism: a clear and present danger","volume":"7","author":"Lane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. 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