{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:59:55Z","timestamp":1790492395014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nasal administration is an effective route for a needle-free vaccine. However, nasally administered Ags have the potential to reach the CNS directly from the nasal cavity, thus raising safety concerns. In this study, we performed real-time quantitative tracking of a nasal vaccine candidate for botulism, which is a nontoxic subunit fragment of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin (BoHc\/A) effective in the induction of the toxin-neutralizing immune response, by using 18F-labeled BoHc\/A\u2013positron-emission tomography, an in vivo molecular imaging method. This method provides results that are consistent with direct counting of [18F] radioactivity or the traditional [111In]-radiolabel method in dissected tissues of mice and nonhuman primates. We found no deposition of BoHc\/A in the cerebrum or olfactory bulb after nasal administration of 18F-labeled BoHc\/A in both animals. We also established a real-time quantitative profile of elimination of this nasal vaccine candidate and demonstrated that it induces highly protective immunity against botulism in nonhuman primates. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency and safety of a nasal vaccine candidate against botulism in mice and nonhuman primates using in vivo molecular imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,30]],"date-time":"2010-09-30T03:40:16Z","timestamp":1285818016000},"page":"5436-5443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["In Vivo Molecular Imaging Analysis of a Nasal Vaccine That Induces Protective Immunity against Botulism in Nonhuman Primates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Yuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Nochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of 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,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiho","family":"Kurokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiko","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , Ibaraki 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