{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:47:48Z","timestamp":1785394068076,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects several million people in Latin America. Myocarditis, observed in the acute and chronic phases of the disease, is characterized by a mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate. We previously identified a myeloid cell population in the inflammatory heart infiltrate of infected mice that expressed arginase I. In this study, we purified CD11b+ myeloid cells from the heart and analyzed their phenotype and function. Those CD11b+ cells were \u223c70% Ly6G\u2212Ly6C+ and 25% Ly6G+Ly6C+. Moreover, purified CD11b+Ly6G\u2212 cells, but not Ly6G+ cells, showed a predominant monocytic phenotype, expressed arginase I and inducible NO synthase, and suppressed anti-CD3\/anti-CD28 Ab-induced T cell proliferation in vitro by an NO-dependent mechanism, activity that best defines myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Contrarily, CD11b+Ly6G+ cells, but not CD11b+Ly6G\u2212 cells, expressed S100A8 and S100A9, proteins known to promote recruitment and differentiation of MDSCs. Together, our results suggest that inducible NO synthase\/arginase I-expressing CD11b+Ly6G\u2212 myeloid cells in the hearts of T. cruzi-infected mice are MDSCs. Finally, we found plasma l-arginine depletion in the acute phase of infection that was coincident in time with the appearance of MDSCs, suggesting that in vivo arginase I could be contributing to l-arginine depletion and systemic immunosuppression. Notably, l-arginine supplementation decreased heart tissue parasite load, suggesting that sustained arginase expression through the acute infection is detrimental for the host. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that MDSCs have been found in the heart in the context of myocarditis and also in infection by T. cruzi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,30]],"date-time":"2011-07-30T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1312001831000},"page":"2656-2665","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Infiltrate the Heart in Acute <i>Trypanosoma<\/i> \u00a0<i>cruzi<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Henar","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor A","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa , 28006 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Carbajosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Beschin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Free University of Brussels , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Free University of Brussels , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Giron\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa , 28006 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fresno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa , 28006 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410291454500_r1","volume-title":"World Health Report.","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025032410291454500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)00006-5","article-title":"Etiology of Chagas disease myocarditis: autoimmunity, parasite persistence, or both?","volume":"19","author":"Giron\u00e8s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2025032410291454500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease","volume":"115","author":"Marin-Neto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025032410291454500_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220203","article-title":"Synergism between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma on macrophage activation for the killing of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism","volume":"22","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. 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