{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:41:32Z","timestamp":1789389692839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Capsular polysaccharides of encapsulated bacteria are weakly immunogenic T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags. Recent findings suggest that BAFF system molecules have a critical role in the development of Ab responses against TI-2 Ags. In this study, we investigated the effect of bacterial polysaccharides on B cell responses to BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). We determined that B cells exposed to meningococcal type C polysaccharide (MCPS) or group B Streptococcus serotype V (GBS-V) were unresponsive to BAFF- and APRIL-induced Ig secretion. Moreover, MCPS and GBS-V strongly downregulated transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor, the BAFF and APRIL receptor that is responsible for Ab development against TI-2 Ags. Interestingly, (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl-Ficoll (NP-Ficoll), a prototype TI-2 Ag, did not manifest a suppressive effect on B cells. Paradoxically, whereas GBS-V and MCPS inhibited IFN-\u03b3\u2013induced BAFF production from dendritic cells, NP-Ficoll strongly increased BAFF secretion. TLR 9 agonist CpG deoxyoligonucleotide (ODN) was able to reverse the MCPS-mediated transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor suppression but could not rescue the Ig secretion in BAFF- or APRIL-stimulated B cells. In support of these in vitro observations, it was observed that CpG ODN could help augment the Ab response against NP in mice immunized with a CpG ODN-containing NP-Ficoll vaccine but exhibited only marginal adjuvant activity for MCPS vaccine. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanism for the weak immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharides and explain the previously observed differences between bacterial polysaccharide and NP-Ficoll immunogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,20]],"date-time":"2011-01-20T04:02:34Z","timestamp":1295496154000},"page":"2430-2443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Suppressive Effect of Bacterial Polysaccharides on BAFF System Is Responsible for Their Poor Immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Sunita","family":"Kanswal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Katsenelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Windy","family":"Allman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadriye","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan S","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Akkoyunlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Bethesda, MD 20852"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032411091332200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628963","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/628963","article-title":"Neonatal and infantile immune responses to encapsulated bacteria and conjugate vaccines","volume":"2008","author":"Klein Klouwenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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