{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:57:52Z","timestamp":1768265872870,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Helicobacter pylori infection persists for the life of the host due to the failure of the immune response to eradicate the bacterium. Determining how H. pylori escapes the immune response in its gastric niche is clinically important. We have demonstrated in vitro that macrophage NO production can kill H. pylori, but induction of macrophage arginase II (Arg2) inhibits inducible NO synthase (iNOS) translation, causes apoptosis, and restricts bacterial killing. Using a chronic H. pylori infection model, we determined whether Arg2 impairs host defense in vivo. In C57BL\/6 mice, expression of Arg2, but not arginase I, was abundant and localized to gastric macrophages. Arg2\u2212\/\u2212 mice had increased histologic gastritis and decreased bacterial colonization compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Increased gastritis scores correlated with decreased colonization in individual Arg2\u2212\/\u2212 mice but not in WT mice. When mice infected with H. pylori were compared, Arg2\u2212\/\u2212 mice had more gastric macrophages, more of these cells were iNOS+, and these cells expressed higher levels of iNOS protein, as determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. There was enhanced nitrotyrosine staining in infected Arg2\u2212\/\u2212 versus WT mice, indicating increased NO generation. Infected Arg2\u2212\/\u2212 mice exhibited decreased macrophage apoptosis, as well as enhanced IFN-\u03b3, IL-17a, and IL-12p40 expression, and reduced IL-10 levels consistent with a more vigorous Th1\/Th17 response. These studies demonstrate that Arg2 contributes to the immune evasion of H. pylori by limiting macrophage iNOS protein expression and NO production, mediating macrophage apoptosis, and restraining proinflammatory cytokine responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,5]],"date-time":"2011-02-05T03:23:14Z","timestamp":1296876194000},"page":"3632-3641","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Immune Evasion by <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> Is Mediated by Induction of Macrophage Arginase II"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Nuruddeen D","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"de Sablet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kshipra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Blanca","family":"Piazuelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain P","family":"Gobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"},{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unit\u00e9 de Microbiologie UR454, Saint-Gen\u00e8s-Champanelle , France 63122"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith T","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , Nashville, TN 37212"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032411125693000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc703","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas","volume":"2","author":"Peek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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