{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761488642830,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sterile protection against infection with Plasmodium sporozoites requires high numbers of memory CD8 T cells. However, infections with unrelated pathogens, as may occur in areas endemic to malaria, can dramatically decrease pre-existing memory CD8 T cells. It remains unknown whether unrelated infections will compromise numbers of Plasmodium-specific memory CD8 T cells and thus limit the duration of antimalarial immunity generated by subunit vaccination. We show that P. berghei circumsporozoite-specific memory CD8 T cells underwent significant attrition in numbers in mice subjected to unrelated infections. Attrition was associated with preferential loss of effector memory CD8 T cells and reduced immunity to P. berghei sporozoite challenge. However, and of relevance to deployment of Plasmodium vaccines in areas endemic to malaria, attrition of memory CD8 T cells was reversed by booster immunization, which restored protection. These data suggest that regular booster immunizations may be required to sustain protective vaccine-induced Plasmodium-specific memory CD8 T cells in the face of attrition caused by unrelated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1299013867000},"page":"3836-3840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cutting Edge: Attrition of <i>Plasmodium<\/i>-Specific Memory CD8 T Cells Results in Decreased Protection That Is Rescued by Booster Immunization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Nathan W","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2008.","year":"2009","author":"WHO","key":"2025032411174617500_r1"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073403","article-title":"Malaria parasite development in the mosquito and infection of the mammalian host","volume":"63","author":"Aly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.08.009","article-title":"Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic stages: what\u2019s new?","volume":"24","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184785","article-title":"That was then but this is now: malaria research in the time of an eradication agenda","volume":"328","author":"Kappe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/339409","article-title":"Protection of humans against malaria by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites","volume":"185","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1746","article-title":"Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines: towards greater efficacy","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.3.1453","article-title":"The complexity of protective immunity against liver-stage malaria","volume":"165","author":"Doolan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/330664a0","article-title":"Gamma interferon, CD8+ T cells and antibodies required for immunity to malaria sporozoites","volume":"330","author":"Schofield","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.2.573","article-title":"CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic\/suppressors) are required for protection in mice immunized with malaria sporozoites","volume":"85","author":"Weiss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2690","article-title":"The role of CD4+ T cells in immunity to malaria sporozoites","volume":"151","author":"Weiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00566-07","article-title":"Class II-restricted protective immunity induced by malaria sporozoites","volume":"76","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05361","article-title":"The circumsporozoite protein is an immunodominant protective antigen in irradiated sporozoites","volume":"444","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.884","article-title":"IL-12 and NK cells are required for antigen-specific adaptive immunity against malaria initiated by CD8+ T cells in the Plasmodium yoelii model","volume":"163","author":"Doolan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/90950","article-title":"Differential regulation of antiviral T-cell immunity results in stable CD8+ but declining CD4+ T-cell memory","volume":"7","author":"Homann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2489","article-title":"Reduction of otherwise remarkably stable virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory by heterologous viral infections","volume":"183","author":"Selin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80147-8","article-title":"Attrition of T cell memory: selective loss of LCMV epitope-specific memory CD8 T cells following infections with heterologous viruses","volume":"11","author":"Selin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.3.1197","article-title":"Cross-reactive antigen is required to prevent erosion of established T cell memory and tumor immunity: a heterologous bacterial model of attrition","volume":"169","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3139","article-title":"Comprehensive early and lasting loss of memory CD8 T cells and functional memory during acute and persistent viral infections","volume":"172","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07486","article-title":"Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience","volume":"457","author":"Vezys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08091","article-title":"Attrition of memory CD8 T cells","volume":"459","author":"Welsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902454","article-title":"Cutting edge: memory CD8 T cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience but nevertheless can lose function","volume":"183","author":"Huster","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02571-09","article-title":"Analysis of apoptosis of memory T cells and dendritic cells during the early stages of viral infection or exposure to toll-like receptor agonists","volume":"84","author":"Bahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805452105","article-title":"Memory CD8 T cell responses exceeding a large but definable threshold provide long-term immunity to malaria","volume":"105","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000998","article-title":"Extreme CD8 T cell requirements for anti-malarial liver-stage immunity following immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2006.04.005","article-title":"Simultaneous assessment of antigen-stimulated cytokine production and memory subset composition of memory CD8 T cells","volume":"313","author":"Jabbari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.025","article-title":"CD8 T cell immunity to Plasmodium permits generation of protective antibodies after repeated sporozoite challenge","volume":"27","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7672","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902874","article-title":"Tracking the total CD8 T cell response to infection reveals substantial discordance in magnitude and kinetics between inbred and outbred hosts","volume":"183","author":"Rai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/ni889","article-title":"Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets","volume":"4","author":"Wherry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.2024","article-title":"Protracted protection to Plasmodium berghei malaria is linked to functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous liver memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"171","author":"Berenzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032411174617500_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2251","article-title":"Shaping and reshaping CD8+ T-cell memory","volume":"8","author":"Harty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/186\/7\/3836\/62476612\/1003949.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/186\/7\/3836\/62476612\/1003949.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:48:39Z","timestamp":1743169719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/186\/7\/3836\/7990213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1003949","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1767"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-6606"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]}}}