{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:39:46Z","timestamp":1791049186325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IL-1 has been shown to have strong mucosal adjuvant activities, but little is known about its mechanism of action. We vaccinated IL-1R1 bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice to determine whether IL-1R1 expression on stromal cells or hematopoietic cells was sufficient for the maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1\u03b1 as determined by the acute induction of cytokine responses and induction of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF)-specific adaptive immunity. Cytokine and chemokine responses induced by vaccination with IL-1\u03b1 were predominantly derived from the stromal cell compartment and included G-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant. Nasal vaccination of Il1r1\u2212\/\u2212 (knock-out [KO]) mice given wild-type (WT) BM (WT\u2192KO) and WT\u2192WT mice with LF + IL-1\u03b1 induced maximal adaptive immune responses, whereas vaccination of WT mice given Il1r1\u2212\/\u2212 BM (KO\u2192WT) resulted in significantly decreased production of LF-specific serum IgG, IgG subclasses, lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs, and mucosal IgA compared with WT\u2192KO and WT\u2192WT mice (p &amp;lt; 0.05). IL-1\u03b1 adjuvant activity was not dependent on mast cells. However, the ability of IL-1\u03b1 to induce serum LF-specific IgG2c and lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs was significantly impaired in CD11c-Myd88\u2212\/\u2212 mice when compared with WT mice (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Our results suggest that CD11c+ cells must be directly activated by nasally administered IL-1\u03b1 for maximal adjuvant activity and that, although stromal cells are required for maximal adjuvant-induced cytokine production, the adjuvant-induced stromal cell cytokine responses are not required for effective induction of adaptive immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T00:40:48Z","timestamp":1329352848000},"page":"2834-2846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Maximal Adjuvant Activity of Nasally Delivered IL-1\u03b1 Requires Adjuvant-Responsive CD11c+ Cells and Does Not Correlate with Adjuvant-Induced In Vivo Cytokine Production"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Afton L","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandi T","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D","family":"Sempowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baidong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L","family":"DeFranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman F","family":"Staats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032409591351900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.3.278-280.1998","article-title":"Poliomyelitis: present epidemiological situation and vaccination problems","volume":"5","author":"Mensi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. 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