{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:43:01Z","timestamp":1792852981712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human syphilis is a multistage disease, with diverse and wide-ranging manifestations caused by Treponema pallidum. Despite the fact that a cell-mediated immune response takes part in the course of syphilis, T. pallidum often manages to evade host immunity and, in untreated individuals, may trigger chronic infection. With this study, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that Treponema pallidum induces a regulatory T (Treg) response in patients with secondary syphilis and we found that the miniferritin TpF1, produced by the bacterium, is able to expand this response and promote the production of TGF-\u03b2. Accordingly, TpF1 stimulates monocytes to release IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, the key cytokines in driving Treg cell differentiation. Interestingly, we also found that TpF1 stimulates monocytes to synthesize and release several proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2, the latter following the activation of the multiprotein complex inflammasome. Collectively, these data strongly support a central role for TpF1 both in the inflammation process, which occurs in particular during the early stage of syphilis, and in the long-term persistence of the spirochete within the host by promoting Treg response and TGF-\u03b2 production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]],"date-time":"2011-06-28T09:17:07Z","timestamp":1309252627000},"page":"1377-1384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["TpF1 from <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i> Activates Inflammasome and Promotes the Development of Regulatory T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Babolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padua 35121 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua \u00a0 35122, Padua ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence , Florence 50121 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Careggi University Hospital , Florence 50139 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dzintars","family":"Ozoli\u0146\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital , R\u012bga LV-1002 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aija","family":"\u017dilevi\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia , R\u012bga LV-1050 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Milco","family":"D\u2019Elios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence , Florence 50121 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Careggi University Hospital , Florence 50139 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"de Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padua 35121 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Padua , Padua 35122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410231799900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0127-0","article-title":"Syphilis: the renaissance of an old disease with oral implications","volume":"3","author":"Ficarra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"2025032410231799900_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","article-title":"Biological basis for syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Lafond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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