{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:07:13Z","timestamp":1791266833881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induces regulatory dendritic cells (DC) in vitro that inhibit cellular immune responses. We tested the role of physiological levels of VIP on immune responses to murine CMV (mCMV) using VIP-knockout (VIP-KO) mice and radiation chimeras engrafted with syngenic VIP-KO hematopoietic cells. VIP-KO mice had less weight loss and better survival following mCMV infection compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. mCMV-infected VIP-KO mice had lower viral loads, faster clearance of virus, with increased numbers of IFN-\u03b3+ NK and NKT cells, and enhanced cytolytic activity of NK cells. Adaptive antiviral cellular immunity was increased in mCMV-infected VIP-KO mice compared with WT mice, with more Th1\/Tc1-polarized T cells, fewer IL-10+ T cells, and more mCMV-M45 epitope peptide MHC class I tetramer+ CD8+ T cells (tetramer+ CD8 T cells). mCMV-immune VIP-KO mice had enhanced ability to clear mCMV peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. Enhanced antiviral immunity was also seen in WT transplant recipients engrafted with VIP-KO hematopoietic cells, indicating that VIP synthesized by neuronal cells did not suppress immune responses. Following mCMV infection there was a marked upregulation of MHC-II and CD80 costimulatory molecule expression on DC from VIP-KO mice compared with DC from WT mice, whereas programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 expression were upregulated in activated CD8+ T cells and DC, respectively, in WT mice, but not in VIP-KO mice. Because the absence of VIP in immune cells increased innate and adaptive antiviral immunity by altering costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways, selective targeting of VIP signaling represents an attractive therapeutic target to enhance antiviral immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]],"date-time":"2011-06-16T13:45:17Z","timestamp":1308231917000},"page":"1057-1065","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Absence of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Expression in Hematopoietic Cells Enhances Th1 Polarization and Antiviral Immunity in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Jian-Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Southerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, NC 90586"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia R","family":"Giver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasia","family":"Darlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Waschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund K","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410225131400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.7.4.461","article-title":"Tuning inflammation with anti-inflammatory neuropeptides","volume":"7","author":"Varela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000198339","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: measurement, distribution and putative neurotransmitter function","volume":"19","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"1979","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.56.2.7","article-title":"The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation","volume":"56","author":"Delgado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1993.1027","article-title":"VIP gene expression in rat thymus and spleen","volume":"7","author":"Gomariz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083818","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin in leucocytes","volume":"44","author":"Lygren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(94)90031-0","article-title":"Lymphoid cell subpopulations containing vasoactive intestinal peptide in the rat","volume":"15","author":"Leceta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-006-9032-5","article-title":"Neurotransmitter and immunomodulatory actions of VIP and PACAP: lessons from knockout mice","volume":"12","author":"Abad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04112.x","article-title":"Noncompensation in peptide\/receptor gene expression and distinct behavioral phenotypes in VIP- and PACAP-deficient mice","volume":"99","author":"Girard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4495","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory dendritic cells that prevent acute graft-versus-host disease while maintaining the graft-versus-tumor response","volume":"107","author":"Chorny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2522","article-title":"Selective gene expression and activation-dependent regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 and type 2 in human T cells","volume":"166","author":"Lara-Marquez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7311","article-title":"The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide generates tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"175","author":"Delgado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.01.020","article-title":"Generating tolerogenic dendritic cells with neuropeptides","volume":"70","author":"Delgado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200011)30:11<3236::AID-IMMU3236>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of the type 1 and type 2 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors: role in lethal endotoxic shock","volume":"30","author":"Delgado","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.07.005","article-title":"Regulation of TLR expression, a new perspective for the role of VIP in immunity","volume":"28","author":"Gomariz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.01.019","article-title":"VIP balances innate and adaptive immune responses induced by specific stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4","volume":"29","author":"Arranz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21820","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits Toll-like receptor 3-induced nitric oxide production in Schwann cells and subsequent sensory neuronal cell death in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00662.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor stimulation differentially regulates vasoactive intestinal peptide type 2 receptor in macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Herrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314900","article-title":"The murine cytomegalovirus as a model for the study of viral pathogenesis and persistent infections","volume":"62","author":"Hudson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.2.841-843.1983","article-title":"Virulence characteristics of murine cytomegalovirus in cell and organ cultures","volume":"41","author":"Jordan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.861","article-title":"Viral subversion of the immune system","volume":"18","author":"Tortorella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8833","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8833-8849.1996","article-title":"Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of murine cytomegalovirus","volume":"70","author":"Rawlinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r22","first-page":"125","article-title":"Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169","volume":"154","author":"Chee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nri932","article-title":"Antigens and immunoevasins: opponents in cytomegalovirus immune surveillance","volume":"2","author":"Reddehase","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1603","article-title":"Mapping and transcriptional analysis of the murine cytomegalovirus homologue of the human cytomegalovirus UL103 open reading frame","volume":"204","author":"Lyons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1205","article-title":"Sequence analysis and expression of the murine cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein pp50, a homolog of the human cytomegalovirus UL44 gene product","volume":"200","author":"Loh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(94)00117-U","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus homolog of the human cytomegalovirus UL100 gene","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.2.904-909.1995","article-title":"The T-cell-independent role of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophage activation during murine cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections","volume":"69","author":"Heise","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.4.1045","article-title":"Requirement for natural killer cell-produced interferon gamma in defense against murine cytomegalovirus infection and enhancement of this defense pathway by interleukin 12 administration","volume":"182","author":"Orange","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/273541a0","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to murine cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"273","author":"Quinnan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.6.3032","article-title":"Humoral antibody response to individual viral proteins after murine cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"131","author":"Selgrade","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6243-6253.1994","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes mediate dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus","volume":"68","author":"Stoddart","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/ni724","article-title":"Infection of dendritic cells by murine cytomegalovirus induces functional paralysis","volume":"2","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/386510a0","article-title":"Inhibition of natural killer cells by a cytomegalovirus MHC class I homologue in vivo","volume":"386","author":"Farrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01293.x","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus evasion of natural killer cell responses","volume":"168","author":"Farrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R939","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00200.2003","article-title":"Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice","volume":"285","author":"Colwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900155","article-title":"Activation, immune polarization, and graft-versus-leukemia activity of donor T cells are regulated by specific subsets of donor bone marrow antigen-presenting cells in allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6892","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.10.6892","article-title":"Host and donor immune responses contribute to antiviral effects of amotosalen-treated donor lymphocytes following early posttransplant cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"180","author":"Hossain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-017442","article-title":"Chronic GvHD decreases antiviral immune responses in allogeneic BMT","volume":"109","author":"Hossain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-017442","article-title":"Chronic GvHD decreases anti-viral immune responses in allogeneic BMT","volume":"109","author":"Hossain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.9.3222","article-title":"Irradiated donor leukocytes promote engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow in major histocompatibility complex mismatched recipients without causing graft-versus-host disease","volume":"94","author":"Waller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.8.3230.bloodjournal8883230","article-title":"An experimental model of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after bone marrow transplantation. I. The roles of minor H antigens and endotoxin","volume":"88","author":"Cooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406035101","article-title":"Listeria-based cancer vaccines that segregate immunogenicity from toxicity","volume":"101","author":"Brockstedt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.1.359","article-title":"The murine cytomegalovirus immunomodulatory gene m152 prevents recognition of infected cells by M45-specific CTL but does not alter the immunodominance of the M45-specific CD8 T cell response in vivo","volume":"169","author":"Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2343","article-title":"How regulatory T cells work","volume":"8","author":"Vignali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2004.05.007","article-title":"Donor antigen-presenting cells regulate T-cell expansion and antitumor activity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530120502","article-title":"The activation antigen CD69","volume":"12","author":"Ziegler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1086\/368094","article-title":"Dendritic cells under influence of mouse cytomegalovirus have a physiologic dual role: to initiate and to restrict T cell activation","volume":"187","author":"Mathys","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0192-0561(00)00033-3","article-title":"In vivo acute depletion of CD8(+) T cells before murine cytomegalovirus infection upregulated innate antiviral activity of natural killer cells","volume":"22","author":"Salem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.51.1.117-122.1984","article-title":"Protective effect of biological response modifiers on murine cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"51","author":"Ebihara","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.09.32","article-title":"Separating graft-versus-leukemia from graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031582","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus misleads its host by priming of CD8 T cells specific for an epitope not presented in infected tissues","volume":"199","author":"Holtappels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20918","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911509106","article-title":"Acute in vivo exposure to interferon-gamma enables resident brain dendritic cells to become effective antigen presenting cells","volume":"106","author":"Gottfried-Blackmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r53","first-page":"106","article-title":"Regulation of MHC class II expression by interferon-gamma mediated by the transactivator gene CIITA. Science","volume":"265","author":"Steimle","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.09.007","article-title":"Immunoregulatory properties of vasoactive intestinal peptide in human T cell subsets: implications for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ca\u00f1as","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1835673100","article-title":"Murine cytomegalovirus paralyzes macrophages by blocking IFN gamma-induced promoter assembly","volume":"100","author":"Popkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-001974","article-title":"Dendritic cells get VIP treatment","volume":"107","author":"Waller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.04.003","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide and regulatory T-cell induction: a new mechanism and therapeutic potential for immune homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Gonzalez-Rey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34814-8_5","article-title":"The yin and yang of adaptive immunity in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: donor antigen-presenting cells can either augment or inhibit donor T cell alloreactivity","volume":"590","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8422","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8422","article-title":"Viral interference with B7-1 costimulation: a new role for murine cytomegalovirus Fc receptor-1","volume":"177","author":"Mintern","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1443","article-title":"The function of programmed cell death 1 and its ligands in regulating autoimmunity and infection","volume":"8","author":"Sharpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061496","article-title":"PD-1 is a regulator of virus-specific CD8+ T cell survival in HIV infection","volume":"203","author":"Petrovas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032410225131400_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200635978","article-title":"Contribution of the PD-1 ligands\/PD-1 signaling pathway to dendritic cell-mediated CD4+ T cell activation","volume":"36","author":"Kuipers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/187\/2\/1057\/62478588\/1100686.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/187\/2\/1057\/62478588\/1100686.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1743128959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/187\/2\/1057\/7973867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1100686","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}}}