{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T09:56:28Z","timestamp":1789898188479,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are a critical cell population that suppresses T cell activation in response to microbial and viral pathogens. We identify a cell-intrinsic mechanism by which effector CD4+ T cells overcome the suppressive effects of Treg cells in the context of three distinct infections: Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and vaccinia virus. The acute responses to the parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens resulted in a transient reduction in frequency and absolute number of Treg cells. The infection-induced partial loss of Treg cells was essential for the initiation of potent Th1 responses and host protection against the pathogens. The observed disappearance of Treg cells was a result of insufficiency in IL-2 caused by the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells with a limited capacity of IL-2 production. Exogenous IL-2 treatment during the parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections completely prevented the loss of Treg cells, but restoration of Treg cells resulted in a greatly enhanced susceptibility to the pathogens. These results demonstrate that the transient reduction in Treg cells induced by pathogens via IL-2 deprivation is essential for optimal T cell responses and host resistance to microbial and viral pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,6]],"date-time":"2011-12-06T02:16:14Z","timestamp":1323137774000},"page":"800-810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Microbial Infection-Induced Expansion of Effector T Cells Overcomes the Suppressive Effects of Regulatory T Cells via an IL-2 Deprivation Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Benson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashanthi","family":"Divakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Burnaevskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reed","family":"Pifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Yarovinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032409452255500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025032409452255500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1263","article-title":"A function for interleukin 2 in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells","volume":"6","author":"Fontenot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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