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In this study, we investigated immune responses during adjuvant immunotherapy of EAE. Induction of EAE in CFA-pretreated mice resulted in a rapid influx into the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of large numbers of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells, consisting of immature cells with ring-shaped nuclei, macrophages, and neutrophils. Concurrently, a population of mycobacteria-specific IFN-\u03b3\u2013producing T cells appeared in the dLNs. Immature myeloid cells in dLNs expressed the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL16 in an IFN-\u03b3\u2013dependent manner. Subsequently, CD4+ T cells coexpressing the cognate chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR6 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific CD4+ T cells accumulated within the chemokine-expressing dLNs, rather than within the CNS. Migration of CD4+ T cells toward dLN cells was abolished by depleting the CD11b+ cells and was also mediated by the CD11b+ cells alone. In addition to altering the distribution of MOG-specific T cells, adjuvant treatment suppressed development of MOG-specific IL-17. Thus, adjuvant immunotherapy of EAE requires IFN-\u03b3, which suppresses development of the Th17 response, and diverts autoreactive T cells away from the CNS toward immature myeloid cells expressing CXCL10 and CXCL16 in the lymph nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,28]],"date-time":"2012-01-28T06:35:08Z","timestamp":1327732508000},"page":"2093-2101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Adjuvant Immunotherapy of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Immature Myeloid Cells Expressing CXCL10 and CXCL16 Attract CXCR3+CXCR6+ and Myelin-Specific T Cells to the Draining Lymph Nodes Rather Than the Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Richard A","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute , Edinburgh EH16 4TJ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xujian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Blumerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M","family":"Anderton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute , Edinburgh EH16 4TJ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randolph J","family":"Noelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon, NH 03756"},{"name":"Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon, NH 03756"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s Hospital , London SE1 9RT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dyana K","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon, NH 03756"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032409525962000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075","article-title":"Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research","volume":"129","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025032409525962000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.6.849","article-title":"Modes of action of Freund\u2019s adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases","volume":"70","author":"Billiau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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