{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:36:35Z","timestamp":1791351395980,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is highly prevalent in much of the developing world, where vaccination programs are of paramount importance to public health. However, the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines has not been defined previously. In this article, we show that the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid is critical for trafficking of vaccine-elicited T lymphocytes to the gastrointestinal mucosa and for vaccine protective efficacy in mice. Moderate vitamin A deficiency abrogated Ag-specific T lymphocyte trafficking to the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal cellular immune responses, and protection against a mucosal challenge following immunization with a recombinant adenovirus vaccine vector. Oral vitamin A supplementation as well as retinoic acid administration fully restored the mucosal immune responses and vaccine protective efficacy. These data suggest that oral vitamin A supplementation may be important for optimizing the success of vaccines against HIV-1 and other mucosal pathogens in the developing world, highlighting a critical relationship between host nutritional status and vaccine efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,16]],"date-time":"2011-07-16T05:09:58Z","timestamp":1310792998000},"page":"1877-1883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Vitamin A Deficiency Impairs Vaccine-Elicited Gastrointestinal Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"David R","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"De Calisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel L","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo J","family":"Villablanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Rodrigo","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan H","family":"Barouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA 02215"},{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University , Boston, MA 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410284844900_r1","volume-title":"Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995\u20132005: WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025032410284844900_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1086\/315908","article-title":"Retinoic acid and polyriboinosinic acid act synergistically to enhance the antibody response to tetanus toxoid during vitamin A deficiency: possible involvement of interleukin-2 receptor-\u03b2, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, and interferon regulatory factor-1","volume":"182","author":"DeCicco","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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