{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:54:46Z","timestamp":1790744086778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Classical Whipple\u2019s disease (CWD) is caused by chronic infection with Tropheryma whipplei that seems to be associated with an underlying immune defect. The pathognomonic hallmark of CWD is a massive infiltration of the duodenal mucosa with T. whipplei-infected macrophages that disperse systemically to many other organ systems. An alleviated inflammatory reaction and the absence of T. whipplei-specific Th1 reactivity support persistence and systemic spread of the pathogen. In this article, we hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Treg) are involved in immunomodulation in CWD, and we asked for the distribution, activation, and regulatory capacity of Treg in CWD patients. Whereas in the lamina propria of CWD patients before treatment numbers of Treg were increased, percentages in the peripheral blood were similar in CWD patients and healthy controls. However, peripheral Treg of CWD patients were more activated than those of controls. Elevated secretion of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 in the duodenal mucosa of CWD patients indicated locally enhanced Treg activity. Enhanced CD95 expression on peripheral memory CD4+ T cells combined with reduced expression of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17A upon polyclonal stimulation by CD4+ cells from untreated CWD patients further hinted to Treg activity-related exhaustion of effector CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, increased numbers of Treg can be detected within the duodenal mucosa in untreated CWD, where huge numbers of T. whipplei-infected macrophages are present. Thus, Treg might contribute to the chronic infection and systemic spread of T. whipplei in CWD but in contrast prevent mucosal barrier defect by reducing local inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]],"date-time":"2011-09-15T09:44:37Z","timestamp":1316079877000},"page":"4061-4067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Whipple\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Katina","family":"Schinnerling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie , D-14195 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Moos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Geelhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie , D-14195 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Allers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Loddenkemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Pathologie, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Friebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja A","family":"K\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Erben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik I, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , D-12203 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410405054700_r1","first-page":"382","article-title":"A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues","volume":"18","author":"Whipple","year":"1907","journal-title":"Bull. 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