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In this study, a detailed analysis of the B cell response to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP)-Ficoll was performed using normal mice. TNP-Ficoll delivered i.p. or i.v. induced rapid Ag-specific B-1b cell activation, expansion, isotype switching, and plasmablast\/plasma cell differentiation. Ag-specific B-1b cell numbers peaked at day 5 and then gradually declined in the spleen but remained elevated in the peritoneal cavity beyond 40 d postimmunization. In addition to expressing CD43, CD44, and CD86, Ag-activated B-1b cells transiently expressed programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which functionally suppressed BCR-induced B-1b cell in vitro proliferation when additional costimulatory signals were lacking. Inhibiting PD-1:PD-1 ligand interactions during TNP-Ficoll immunization significantly enhanced Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion and the frequency of IgG isotype switching and plasmablast\/plasma cell differentiation. Remarkably, PD-1 mAb blockade during the first week following immunization resulted in significantly increased numbers of both splenic and bone marrow Ag-specific IgG3-secreting cells, but not IgM-secreting cells, at both early (day 5) and late (week 6) time points. Moreover, Ag-specific serum IgG3 levels, as well as IgG2c, IgG2b, and IgA levels, remained significantly elevated in PD-1 mAb-treated mice relative to control Ab-treated mice for \u22656 wk postimmunization. Thus, PD-1:PD-1 ligand interactions occurring shortly after initial T cell-independent type 2 Ag encounter play a critical role in suppressing Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion and the development of long-term IgG-producing bone marrow and spleen cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]],"date-time":"2011-10-14T23:49:51Z","timestamp":1318636191000},"page":"5183-5195","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Programmed Cell Death 1 Suppresses B-1b Cell Expansion and Long-Lived IgG Production in Response to T Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Karen M","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC 27157"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410473180900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01124.x","article-title":"Current state of pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"56","author":"Wuorimaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. 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