{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:41:01Z","timestamp":1791175261037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>B cells are important for the regulation of autoimmune responses. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), B cells are required for spontaneous recovery in acute models. Production of IL-10 by regulatory B cells has been shown to modulate the severity EAE and other autoimmune diseases. Previously, we suggested that B cells regulated the number of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in the CNS during EAE. Because Treg suppress autoimmune responses, we asked whether B cells control autoimmunity by maintenance of Treg numbers. B cell deficiency achieved either genetically (\u03bcMT) or by depletion with anti-CD20 resulted in a significant reduction in the number of peripheral but not thymic Treg. Adoptive transfer of WT B cells into \u03bcMT mice restored both Treg numbers and recovery from EAE. When we investigated the mechanism whereby B cells induce the proliferation of Treg and EAE recovery, we found that glucocorticoid-induced TNF ligand, but not IL-10, expression by B cells was required. Of clinical significance is the finding that anti-CD20 depletion of B cells accelerated spontaneous EAE and colitis. Our results demonstrate that B cells play a major role in immune tolerance required for the prevention of autoimmunity by maintenance of Treg via their expression of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR ligand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,25]],"date-time":"2012-02-25T01:12:39Z","timestamp":1330132359000},"page":"3188-3198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"title":["A Novel IL-10\u2013Independent Regulatory Role for B Cells in Suppressing Autoimmunity by Maintenance of Regulatory T Cells via GITR Ligand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Avijit","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreemanti","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin B","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"},{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nita H","family":"Salzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie N","family":"Dittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI 53201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410005669300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2271","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell-deficient mice","volume":"184","author":"Wolf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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