{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:15:36Z","timestamp":1791400536368,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil\u2019s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T05:36:04Z","timestamp":1351575364000},"page":"5393-5401","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and Kill <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i> Sensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected by <i>Ixodes ricinus<\/i> Tick Saliva"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Menten-Dedoyart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Histology\u2013Centre de Recherche sur les Prot\u00e9ines Prion, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Human Hematology, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Faccinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryna","family":"Golovchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology , Branisovska 1160\/31, 37005,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Dupiereux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Histology\u2013Centre de Recherche sur les Prot\u00e9ines Prion, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Bernard","family":"Van Lerberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Histology\u2013Centre de Recherche sur les Prot\u00e9ines Prion, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Human Hematology, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Desmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benaissa","family":"Elmoualij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Histology\u2013Centre de Recherche sur les Prot\u00e9ines Prion, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Human Hematology, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Rudenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology , Branisovska 1160\/31, 37005,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Oury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-Research), Unit of Human Genetics, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Histology\u2013Centre de Recherche sur les Prot\u00e9ines Prion, University of Li\u00e8ge , B-4000 Li\u00e8ge,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Couvreur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culture In Vivo ASBL , B-1400 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Entomol."},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r5","first-page":"356","article-title":"[The ultrastructural characteristics of the histopathological changes at the site of attachment to the host body of larvae of the ixodid tick Ixodes ricinus]","volume":"28","author":"Amosova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parazitologia"},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","article-title":"Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.072","article-title":"Influence of the Ixodes ricinus tick blood-feeding on the antigen-specific antibody response in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Menten-Dedoyart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003987","article-title":"Ir-LBP, an Ixodes ricinus tick salivary LTB4-binding lipocalin, interferes with host neutrophil function","volume":"3","author":"Beaufays","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"2025032409370334900_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5109","article-title":"Increasing the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection dramatically attenuates Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity","volume":"178","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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