{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:01:05Z","timestamp":1792364465999,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Differentiation and maintenance of recirculating effector memory CD8 T cells (TEM) depends on prolonged cognate Ag stimulation. Whether similar pathways of differentiation exist for recently identified tissue-resident effector memory T cells (TRM), which contribute to rapid local protection upon pathogen re-exposure, is unknown. Memory CD8\u03b1\u03b2+ T cells within small intestine epithelium are well-characterized examples of TRM, and they maintain a long-lived effector-like phenotype that is highly suggestive of persistent Ag stimulation. This study sought to define the sources and requirements for prolonged Ag stimulation in programming this differentiation state, including local stimulation via cognate or cross-reactive Ags derived from pathogens, microbial flora, or dietary proteins. Contrary to expectations, we found that prolonged cognate Ag stimulation was dispensable for intestinal TRM ontogeny. In fact, chronic antigenic stimulation skewed differentiation away from the canonical intestinal T cell phenotype. Resident memory signatures, CD69 and CD103, were expressed in many nonlymphoid tissues including intestine, stomach, kidney, reproductive tract, pancreas, brain, heart, and salivary gland and could be driven by cytokines. Moreover, TGF-\u03b2\u2013driven CD103 expression was required for TRM maintenance within intestinal epithelium in vivo. Thus, induction and maintenance of long-lived effector-like intestinal TRM differed from classic models of TEM ontogeny and were programmed through a novel location-dependent pathway that was required for the persistence of local immunological memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,14]],"date-time":"2012-04-14T01:00:21Z","timestamp":1334365221000},"page":"4866-4875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":613,"title":["Antigen-Independent Differentiation and Maintenance of Effector-like Resident Memory T Cells in Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Kerry A","family":"Casey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Abt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalit K","family":"Beura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Artis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E John","family":"Wherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Hogquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaiva","family":"Vezys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Masopust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032410094473700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.11.007","article-title":"Diversity in T cell memory: an embarrassment of riches","volume":"31","author":"Jameson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032410094473700_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1866","article-title":"The descent of memory T-cell subsets","volume":"6","author":"Lefran\u00e7ois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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