{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:20Z","timestamp":1791295340789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Typhoid fever and nontyphoidal bacteremia caused by Salmonella remain critical human health problems. B cells are required for protective immunity to Salmonella, but the mechanism of protection remains unclear. In this study, we immunized wild-type, B cell\u2013deficient, Ab-deficient, and class-switched Ab-deficient mice with attenuated Salmonella and examined protection against secondary infection. As expected, wild-type mice were protected and B cell\u2013deficient mice succumbed to secondary infection. Interestingly, mice with B cells but lacking secreted Ab or class-switched Ab had little deficiency in resistance to Salmonella infection. The susceptibility of B cell\u2013deficient mice correlated with marked reductions in CD4 T cell IFN-\u03b3 production after secondary infection. Taken together, these data suggest that the primary role of B cells in acquired immunity to Salmonella is via the development of protective T cell immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T12:27:35Z","timestamp":1352809655000},"page":"5503-5507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Cutting Edge: B Cells Are Essential for Protective Immunity against <i>Salmonella<\/i> Independent of Antibody Secretion"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Minelva R","family":"Nanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School\u2013Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sing Sing","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH 45229"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Shlomchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06510"},{"name":"Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06510"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"McSorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032409411428500_r1","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1086\/651080","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoid salmonellae establish systemic intracellular infection in HIV-infected adults: an emerging disease pathogenesis","volume":"50","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833dd25d","article-title":"Nontyphoidal salmonellosis in Africa","volume":"23","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180346","article-title":"Dysregulated humoral immunity to nontyphoidal Salmonella in HIV-infected African adults","volume":"328","author":"MacLennan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33998","article-title":"The neglected role of antibody in protection against bacteremia caused by nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella in African children","volume":"118","author":"MacLennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(90)90183-M","article-title":"Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial","volume":"8","author":"Black","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.027","article-title":"Typhoid fever vaccines: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Fraser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111413109","article-title":"Identification of a common immune signature in murine and human systemic salmonellosis","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00970.x","article-title":"Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines","volume":"239","author":"Pasetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.2","article-title":"Development of protective immunity to Salmonella, a mucosal pathogen with a systemic agenda","volume":"4","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01369-10","article-title":"How to become a top model: impact of animal experimentation on human Salmonella disease research","volume":"79","author":"Tsolis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2034","article-title":"A dynamic view of the spread and intracellular distribution of Salmonella enterica","volume":"7","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3321","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium aroA- infection in gene-targeted immunodeficient mice: major role of CD4+ TCR-\u03b1\u03b2 cells and IFN-\u03b3 in bacterial clearance independent of intracellular location","volume":"156","author":"Hess","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4603","article-title":"Expression of T-bet by CD4 T cells is essential for resistance to Salmonella infection","volume":"175","author":"Ravindran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(00)00010-1","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-12 pathway defects and human disease","volume":"11","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1086\/425021","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key cytokines for immunity against Salmonella in humans","volume":"190","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.4.1265","article-title":"Role of CD4+ T cells and T-independent mechanisms in acquired resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"145","author":"Nauciel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.46-53.2000","article-title":"Igh-6\u2212\/\u2212 (B-cell-deficient) mice fail to mount solid acquired resistance to oral challenge with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and show impaired Th1 T-cell responses to Salmonella antigens","volume":"68","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3344-3348.2000","article-title":"Antibody is required for protection against virulent but not attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"68","author":"McSorley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.1648","article-title":"Cutting edge: role of B lymphocytes in protective immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"164","author":"Mittr\u00fccker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.3981-3984.1993","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of immunity to oral challenge with virulent salmonellae in innately susceptible BALB\/c mice requires both immune serum and T cells","volume":"61","author":"Mastroeni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052093","article-title":"Innate secretory antibodies protect against natural Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"203","author":"Wijburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6808","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.6808-6819.2003","article-title":"Characterization and development of T-Cell immune responses in B-cell-deficient (Igh-6\u2212\/\u2212) mice with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection","volume":"71","author":"Ugrinovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001431","article-title":"TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica","volume":"185","author":"Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803706","article-title":"B cell intrinsic MyD88 signals drive IFN-\u03b3 production from T cells and control switching to IgG2c","volume":"183","author":"Barr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1639","article-title":"A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus","volume":"189","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900772","article-title":"Successful treatment of bacterial infection hinders development of acquired immunity","volume":"183","author":"Griffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6200","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6200","article-title":"Salmonella induces a switched antibody response without germinal centers that impedes the extracellular spread of infection","volume":"178","author":"Cunningham","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.931","article-title":"Germinal center initiation, variable gene region hypermutation, and mutant B cell selection without detectable immune complexes on follicular dendritic cells","volume":"192","author":"Hannum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01033-10","article-title":"Dissemination of persistent intestinal bacteria via the mesenteric lymph nodes causes typhoid relapse","volume":"79","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(92)90014-F","article-title":"Role of T cells, TNF\u03b1 and IFN\u03b3 in recall of immunity to oral challenge with virulent salmonellae in mice vaccinated with live attenuated aro- Salmonella vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Mastroeni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4058","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4058","article-title":"Salmonella escape from antigen presentation can be overcome by targeting bacteria to Fc gamma receptors on dendritic cells","volume":"173","author":"Tobar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.078","article-title":"Generation of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells requires sustained antigen stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.11.6884","article-title":"Massive number of antigen-specific CD4 T cells during vaccination with live attenuated Salmonella causes interclonal competition","volume":"172","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802501","article-title":"Requirement of B cells for generating CD4+ T cell memory","volume":"182","author":"Whitmire","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.6147","article-title":"B cells are required for generation of protective effector and memory CD4 cells in response to Pneumocystis lung infection","volume":"176","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032409411428500_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.016","article-title":"Signaling via the MyD88 adaptor protein in B cells suppresses protective immunity during Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"33","author":"Neves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/189\/12\/5503\/61755322\/1201413.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/189\/12\/5503\/61755322\/1201413.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T11:09:05Z","timestamp":1743073745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/189\/12\/5503\/7999064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1201413","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}