{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:50:24Z","timestamp":1790740224573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Candida is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the mucosal tract of humans. Pathogenic infection occurs in the presence of conditions causing perturbations to the commensal microbiota or host immunity. Early innate immune responses by the epithelium, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, are critical for protection against overgrowth. Reduced salivary AMP levels are associated with oral Candida infection, and certain AMPs, including human \u03b2-defensins 1\u20133, have direct fungicidal activity. In this study, we demonstrate that murine \u03b2-defensin 1 (mBD1) is important for control of early mucosal Candida infection and plays a critical role in the induction of innate inflammatory mediators. Mice deficient in mBD1, as compared with wild-type mice, exhibit elevated oral and systemic fungal burdens. Neutrophil infiltration to the sites of mucosal Candida invasion, an important step in limiting fungal infection, is significantly reduced in mBD1-deficient mice. These mice also exhibit defects in the expression of other AMPs, including mBD2 and mBD4, which may have direct anti-Candida activity. We also show that mBD1 deficiency impacts the production of important antifungal inflammatory mediators, including IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, KC, and IL-17. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a role for the mBD1 peptide in early control of Candida infection in a murine model of mucosal candidiasis, as well as in the modulation of host immunity through augmentation of leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory gene regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,17]],"date-time":"2015-01-17T05:44:08Z","timestamp":1421473448000},"page":"1788-1795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["\u03b2-Defensin 1 Plays a Role in Acute Mucosal Defense against\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tomalka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"},{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Azodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"},{"name":"Department of Research, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema P","family":"Narra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krupen","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cisley","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy G","family":"Hise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"},{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"},{"name":"Department of Research, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030705035002400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1086\/421946","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study","volume":"39","author":"Wisplinghoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.3.414","article-title":"Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality","volume":"15","author":"Fraser","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1098","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria?","volume":"3","author":"Brogden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09674","article-title":"Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human \u03b2-defensin 1","volume":"469","author":"Schroeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-009-8566-3","article-title":"High-level expression and novel antifungal activity of mouse beta defensin-1 mature peptide in Escherichia coli","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21989","DOI":"10.1021\/jp054042r","article-title":"Amino acid side chain interactions in the presence of salts","volume":"109","author":"Hassan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.324-331.2006","article-title":"Distinct antifungal mechanisms: beta-defensins require Candida albicans Ssa1 protein, while Trk1p mediates activity of cysteine-free cationic peptides","volume":"50","author":"Vylkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00478-06","article-title":"Human beta-defensins kill Candida albicans in an energy-dependent and salt-sensitive manner without causing membrane disruption","volume":"51","author":"Vylkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01550-09","article-title":"Novel synthetic, salt-resistant analogs of human beta-defensins 1 and 3 endowed with enhanced antimicrobial activity","volume":"54","author":"Scudiero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12002","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of a human \u03b2-defensin-3 peptide using an Enterococcus faecalis dentine infection model","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00133-10","article-title":"Interaction between the Candida albicans high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway and the response to human beta-defensins 2 and 3","volume":"10","author":"Argim\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1225-1232.1998","article-title":"Mouse beta-defensin 1 is a salt-sensitive antimicrobial peptide present in epithelia of the lung and urogenital tract","volume":"66","author":"Bals","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01308-07","article-title":"Mouse beta-defensin-14, an antimicrobial ortholog of human beta-defensin-3","volume":"52","author":"Hinrichsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M709103200","article-title":"Identification and biological characterization of mouse beta-defensin 14, the orthologue of human beta-defensin 3","volume":"283","author":"R\u00f6hrl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33314","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006603200","article-title":"A novel murine beta -defensin expressed in tongue, esophagus, and trachea","volume":"275","author":"Jia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3068-3072.2002","article-title":"beta-Defensin 1 contributes to pulmonary innate immunity in mice","volume":"70","author":"Moser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00015.x","article-title":"Decreased excretion of antimicrobial proteins and peptides in saliva of patients with oral candidiasis","volume":"32","author":"Tanida","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02649-13","article-title":"Activity of potent and selective host defense peptide mimetics in mouse models of oral candidiasis","volume":"58","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4645-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of recombinant mouse \u03b2-defensin 3 and its synergy with antibiotics","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00470-08","article-title":"Antifungal activities of human beta-defensins HBD-1 to HBD-3 and their C-terminal analogs Phd1 to Phd3","volume":"53","author":"Krishnakumari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.002","article-title":"An essential role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"Hise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016218","article-title":"Role of Bcr1-activated genes Hwp1 and Hyr1 in Candida albicans oral mucosal biofilms and neutrophil evasion","volume":"6","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1763","article-title":"Selective killing of vaccinia virus by LL-37: implications for eczema vaccinatum","volume":"172","author":"Howell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23713.x","article-title":"Anti-fungal activity of cathelicidins and their potential role in Candida albicans skin infection","volume":"125","author":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9541","article-title":"The peptide antibiotic LL-37\/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface","volume":"95","author":"Bals","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002379","article-title":"A novel role for the NLRC4 inflammasome in mucosal defenses against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"7","author":"Tomalka","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081463","article-title":"Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis","volume":"206","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1086\/422329","article-title":"Requirement of interleukin-17A for systemic anti-Candida albicans host defense in mice","volume":"190","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.02.006","article-title":"The macrophage mannose receptor induces IL-17 in response to Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"van de Veerdonk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737409","article-title":"IL-23 and the Th17 pathway promote inflammation and impair antifungal immune resistance","volume":"37","author":"Zelante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07965","article-title":"Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence","volume":"459","author":"Gross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901323","article-title":"Cutting edge: Candida albicans hyphae formation triggers activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome","volume":"183","author":"Joly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902477","article-title":"Involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in innate and humoral adaptive immune responses to fungal beta-glucan","volume":"183","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections","volume":"28","author":"Ameen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.012","article-title":"The PATH (Prospective Antifungal Therapy) Alliance\u00ae registry and invasive fungal infections: update 2012","volume":"73","author":"Azie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.003","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 3648 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH Alliance\u00ae) registry, 2004\u20132008","volume":"74","author":"Pfaller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030705035002400_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.001","article-title":"Antifungal drug resistance: mechanisms, epidemiology, and consequences for treatment","volume":"125","author":"Pfaller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1086\/423856","article-title":"beta-Defensin expression in immunocompetent and immunodeficient germ-free and Candida albicans-monoassociated mice","volume":"190","author":"Schofield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45755-0","article-title":"Divergent chemokine, cytokine and beta-defensin responses to gastric candidiasis in immunocompetent C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice","volume":"54","author":"Schofield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-011-9335-3","article-title":"The chromosomal protein HMGN2 mediates the LPS-induced expression of \u03b2-defensins in mice","volume":"35","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.495812","article-title":"The corneal expression of antimicrobial peptides during experimental fungal keratitis","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20111454","article-title":"LL37 and hBD-3 elevate the \u03b2-1,3-exoglucanase activity of Candida albicans Xog1p, resulting in reduced fungal adhesion to plastic","volume":"441","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900712","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cells","volume":"184","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1776","article-title":"The human beta-defensins (-1, -2, -3, -4) and cathelicidin LL-37 induce IL-18 secretion through p38 and ERK MAPK activation in primary human keratinocytes","volume":"175","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700599","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines","volume":"127","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.5","article-title":"New mechanism of oral immunity to mucosal candidiasis in hyper-IgE syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Conti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.2741\/2853","article-title":"The role of chemokines in neutrophil biology","volume":"13","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00599-3","article-title":"The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta","volume":"10","author":"Martinon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203907200","article-title":"The structure of human macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha \/CCL20. Linking antimicrobial and CC chemokine receptor-6-binding activities with human beta-defensins","volume":"277","author":"Hoover","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0103024","article-title":"Many chemokines including CCL20\/MIP-3alpha display antimicrobial activity","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025030705035002400_r52","first-page":"158","article-title":"Human antimicrobial peptides: analysis and application","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/194\/4\/1788\/62233562\/1203239.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/194\/4\/1788\/62233562\/1203239.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T01:25:54Z","timestamp":1741310754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/194\/4\/1788\/7960897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1203239","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725316994.793503835","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}}}