{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:18:02Z","timestamp":1790817482031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hookworm infections and tuberculosis (TB) are coendemic in many parts of the world. It has been suggested that infection with helminth parasites could suppress the predominant Th1 (IFN-\u03b3\u2013mediated) response needed to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and enhance susceptibility to infection and\/or disease. To determine the role of coincident hookworm infection on responses at steady-state and on M. tuberculosis\u2013specific immune responses in latent TB (LTB), we examined the cellular responses in individuals with LTB with or without concomitant hookworm infection. By analyzing the expression of Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets of CD4+ T cells, we were able to demonstrate that the presence of coincident hookworm infection significantly diminished both spontaneously expressed and M. tuberculosis\u2013specific mono- and dual-functional Th1 and Th17 cells. Hookworm infection, in contrast, was associated with expanded frequencies of mono- and dual-functional Th2 cells at both steady-state and upon Ag stimulation. This differential induction of CD4+ T cell subsets was abrogated upon mitogen stimulation. Additionally, coincident hookworm infection was associated with increased adaptive T regulatory cells but not natural regulatory T cells in LTB. Finally, the CD4+ T cell cytokine expression pattern was also associated with alterations in the systemic levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Thus, coincident hookworm infection exerts a profound inhibitory effect on protective Th1 and Th17 responses in LTB and may predispose toward the development of active tuberculosis in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]],"date-time":"2013-04-10T23:34:27Z","timestamp":1365636867000},"page":"5161-5168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Modulation of Mycobacterial-Specific Th1 and Th17 Cells in Latent Tuberculosis by Coincident Hookworm Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Parakkal Jovvian","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paramasivam Paul","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedachalam","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032407000390200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183","article-title":"Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Maizels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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