{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:48:52Z","timestamp":1789350532476,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Th9 cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells, shown to be important in allergy, autoimmunity, and antitumor responses; however, their role in human infectious diseases has not been explored in detail. We identified a population of IL-9 and IL-10 coexpressing cells (lacking IL-4 expression) in normal individuals. These cells respond to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation, but are distinct from IL-9+ Th2 cells. We also demonstrate that these Th9 cells exhibit Ag-specific expansion in a chronic helminth infection (lymphatic filariasis). Comparison of Th9 responses reveals that individuals with pathology associated with filarial infection exhibit significantly expanded frequencies of filarial Ag-induced Th9 cells, but not of IL9+Th2 cells in comparison with filarial-infected individuals without associated disease. Moreover, the per cell production of IL-9 is significantly higher in Th9 cells compared with IL9+Th2 cells, indicating that the Th9 cells are the predominant CD4+ T cell subset producing IL-9 in the context of human infection. This expansion was reflected in elevated Ag-stimulated IL-9 cytokine levels in whole blood culture supernatants. Finally, the frequencies of Th9 cells correlated positively with the severity of lymphedema (and presumed inflammation) in filarial-diseased individuals. This expansion of Th9 cells was dependent on IL-4, TGF-\u03b2, and IL-1 in vitro. We have therefore identified an important human CD4+ T cell subpopulation coexpressing IL-9 and IL-10, but not IL-4, the expansion of which is associated with disease in chronic lymphatic filariasis and could potentially have an important role in the pathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,3]],"date-time":"2013-08-03T05:06:52Z","timestamp":1375506412000},"page":"2466-2473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["IL-4\u2013, TGF-\u03b2\u2013, and IL-1\u2013Dependent Expansion of Parasite Antigen-Specific Th9 Cells Is Associated with Clinical Pathology in Human Lymphatic Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Anuradha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parakkal Jovvian","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke E","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedachalam","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013International Center for Excellence in Research , Chennai 600031,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032405223931100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2848","article-title":"Cellular sources and immune functions of interleukin-9","volume":"10","author":"Noelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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